Table 2 Multilevel analysis (with HLM) of the risk factors for perforation among male and female patients with appendicitis in Taiwan (2000–2011)

Gender

 Female^c

1.0

 Male

0.264

1.302 (1.279,1.324)

< 0.001

 Age(years)^a

 0–14 y/o

0.779

2.179 (2.119,2.241)

< 0.001

0.620

1.858 (1.793,1.927)

< 0.001

1.048

2.851 (2.727,2.980)

< 0.001

 15–29 y/o^c

1.0

1.0

1.0

 30–44 y/o

0.283

1.327 (1.295,1.361)

< 0.001

0.302

1.353 (1.310,1.397)

< 0.001

0.268

1.307 (1.257,1.359)

< 0.001

 45–59 y/o

0.758

2.134 (2.078,2.191)

< 0.001

0.774

2.167 (2.092,2.245)

< 0.001

0.758

2.134 (2.049,2.222)

< 0.001

 ≥60 y/o

1.290

3.633 (3.532,3.737)

< 0.001

1.234

3.433 (3.304,3.568)

< 0.001

1.336

3.805 (3.647,3.969)

< 0.001

Comorbidities^a

 0^c

1.0

1.0

1.0

 1

0.353

1.424 (1.367,1.483)

< 0.001

0.367

1.443 (1.365,1.525)

< 0.001

0.335

1.398 (1.316,1.484)

< 0.001

 ≥2

0.529

1.697 (1.495,1.926)

< 0.001

0.473

1.604 (1.361,1.892)

< 0.001

0.607

1.834 (1.508,2.231)

< 0.001

Hospital Level^a

 District Hospital^c

1.0

1.0

1.0

 Regional Hospital

0.223

1.250 (1.219,1.281)

< 0.001

0.233

1.262 (1.222,1.304)

< 0.001

0.229

1.258 (1.210,1.308)

< 0.001

 Medical Center

0.394

1.483 (1.444,1.523)

< 0.001

0.381

1.464 (1.413,1.516)

< 0.001

0.428

1.534 (1.472,1.598)

< 0.001

Area level^a

 Urban^c

1.0

1.0

1.0

 Suburban

0.038

1.038 (1.011,1.067)

0.007

0.044

1.045 (1.009,1.083)

0.015

0.008

1.008 (0.966,1.051)

0.713

 Rural

0.269

1.308 (1.210,1.415)

< 0.001

0.251

1.285 (1.160,1.423)

< 0.001

0.256

1.292 (1.140,1.463)

< 0.001

Readmission^a

 No^c

1.0

1.0

1.0

 Yes

1.595

4.930 (4.712,5.159)

< 0.001

1.528

4.608 (4.361,4.870)

< 0.001

1.706

5.506 (5.087,5.961)

< 0.001

Socioeconomic status^b

 Normal population^c

1.0

1.0

1.0

 Low-income population

0.093

1.098 (1.018,1.184)

0.016

0.139

1.149 (1.038,1.273)

0.008

0.048

1.049 (0.936,1.176)

0.410