Table 4 Study population characteristics and SF-36 outcome results of selected studies
| Â | Questionnaire | Number of patients (n=) | Reported classification of calcaneal fracture type | Mean age in years (range) | Other characteristics of studied population | Treatment | Mean follow-up time in months (range) | SF-36 mean scores | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physical functioning | Role-physical | Bodily pain | General health | Vitality | Social functioning | Role-emotional | Mental health | Physical component summary | Mental component summary | ||||||||
Johal (2009) [38] | SF-36 | 41 | Sanders | 36 (18–61) | Exclusion of open fractures, aged >65 years, medical contraindications or intoxication abuses | ORIF | >12 (NR) | 59 | 40 | 51 | 77 | 63 | 67 | 65 | 74 | - | - |
Van Tetering (2004) [7] | SF-36 | 312 | NR | NR (25–64) | Exclusion of open fractures and age <25 and >65 years. Possible exclusion of patients who received secondary subtalar arthrodesis | ORIF or non-operative | 23 (12–24) | 67 (SD 27) | 54 (SD 43) | 57 (SD 26) | 69 (SD 20) | 60 (SD 21) | 73 (SD 27) | 72 (SD 38) | 72 (SD 19) | - | - |
Griffin (2014) [56] | SF-36 | 116 | Sanders | 47 (18–80) | Exclusion of open fractures, gross deformity, other serious leg injury or peripheral vascular disease | Operative (n = 62), non-operative (n = 54) | 24 (NR) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 40c (SD 13) | 54c (SD 12) |
Buckley (2014) [53] | SF-36 version 2 | 24 | Sanders | 40 (SD 13) | Closed Sanders type IV fractures; exclusion age <16 and >59 years, inability of diminishing smoking after injury | ORIF (n = 11), ORIF and primary arthrodesis (n = 13) | ≥24 (24–84) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 34c (SD 11) | - |
Heffernan (2000) [33] | SF-36 | 25 | NR | 44 (22–65) at time of injury | - | ORIF | 30 (12–48) | Median83 (range 70–100) | - | Median84 (range 27–100) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Westphal (2004) [8] | SF-36 | 71 | Sanders | 42 (22–73) at time of injury | Exclusion of bilateral or open fractures, or having other injuries | ORIF, secondary arthrodesis (n = 4) | 32 (11–90) | 61 (SD 25) | 52 (SD 43) | 49 (SD 27) | 58 (SD 20) | 56 (SD 20) | 79 (SD 23) | 74 (SD 40) | 69 (SD 21) | - | - |
Brunner (2012) [46] | SF-36 | 54 | OTA | NR | Exclusion of other fixation systems | ORIF | 42 (24–82) | 62 | 68 | 53 | 43 | 49 | 83 | 90 | 41 | - | - |
Kinner (2010) [41] | SF-36 | 44 | Sanders | 46 (18–65) | Complete clinical and radiographic documentation. Exclusion aged <65. | ORIF (n = 32), percutaneous (n = 12) | 42 (12–60) | 66 | 66 | 58 | 64 | 60 | 81 | 79 | 76 | - | - |
Beltran (2012) [45] | SF-36 | 15 | Sanders | 43 (16–67) | High-grade open calcaneal fractures only | Percutaneous | 49 (13–106) | 40 (SD 13) | 43 (SD 16) | 48 (SD 10) | 52 (SD 8) | 48 (SD 10) | 44 (SD 10) | - | - | 44c (SD 12) | 49c (SD 13) |
De Boer (2014) [55] | SF-36 | 78 | Sanders/ Essex-Lopresti | 46 (30–55) at time of injury | Exclusion of age >70, primary arthrodesis or amputation, Gustilo grade III, intoxication abuses or wheelchair-bound. | ORIF (n = 27), non-operative (n = 18), percutaneous (n = 33) | 76 (54–88) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Median 48a | Median 57a |
De Groot (2013) [48] | SF-36 | 41 | NR | 46 (SD 11) (21–66) | Exclusion of open fractures, severe mental illness or do not reside nearby | ORIF (n = 39), unknown (n = 2) | 78 (24–192) | 74 (SD 21) | 65 (SD 41) | 71 (SD 22) | 70 (SD 19) | 70 (SD 20) | 85 (SD 22) | 81 (SD 35) | 79 (SD 20) | - | - |
Makki (2010) [6] | SF-36 version 2 | 41 | Sanders | 56 (27–85) at time of follow-up | Exclusion of comminution of sustentacular fragment; open fractures; exclusion of secondary arthrodesis | ORIF | 120 (84–180) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 50bc (SD 7) | 54bc (SD 4) |
Sanders (2014) [58] | SF-36 version 2 | 66 | Sanders/Essex-Lopresti | 60 (SD 15) (29–91) at time of follow-up | Exclusion of open fractures, concomitant injuries, incomplete radiographic documentation, Sanders type IV, unsuited for operative treatment or subtalar fusion | ORIF | 181 (126–256) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 46c (SD 9) | 55c (SD 11) |