Damage control operations in non-trauma patients: defining criteria for the staged rapid source control laparotomy in emergency general surgery

Table 1 Patient characteristics and peri-operative physiologic scores & metrics, by operation type

Variable^a	non-RSCL (n = 162)	RSCL (n = 53)	p-value^b
Male gender	94 (58.0 %)	29 (54.7 %)	0.6727
Race & Ethnicity:
White	128 (79.0 %)	46 (86.8 %)	0.2107
Black	27 (16.7 %)	6 (11.2 %)	0.3486
Age, years	61 (17)	64 (13)	0.2336
Age (≥70)	55 (34.0 %)	19 (35.9 %)	0.8006
Comorbidities:
Number comorbidities, average	1.9 (2.2)	2.2 (2.8)	0.4641
No comorbidities	71 (43.8 %)	23 (43.4 %)	0.9562
1 comorbidity	19 (11.7 %)	2 (3.8 %)	0.0904
2 comorbidities	14 (8.6 %)	7 (13.2 %)	0.3311
≥3 comorbidities	58 (35.8 %)	21 (39.6 %)	0.6166
Inflammatory status preoperatively:
No inflammation	75 (46.3 %)	10 (18.9 %)	0.0004
Sepsis	59 (36.4 %)	28 (52.8 %)	0.0346
Severe sepsis/septic shock	28 (17.3 %)	15 (28.3 %)	0.0817
Lethal Triad:
Hypothermia (temp ≤ 35C)	24 (16.8 %)	7 (14.9 %)	0.7610
Coagulopathy (INR ≥ 1.7)	13 (11.1 %)	9 (18.4 %)	0.2085
Acidosis (pH ≤ 7.25)	24 (22.2 %)	18 (35.3 %)	0.0810
Patient characteristics:
ASA score, average	3 (1)	4 (1)	<0.0001
ASA score, 1 or 2	23 (14.2 %)	0 (0.0 %)	0.0015
ASA score, 3	65 (40.1 %)	8 (15.1 %)	0.0008
ASA score, 4 or 5	74 (45.7 %)	45 (84.9 %)	<0.0001
Lactate (≥3)	32 (33.3 %)	26 (51.0 %)	0.0372

RSCL rapid source control laparotomy, PRBC packed red blood cells, C Celsius, INR international normalized ratio, ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists, L liters
^aCategorical variables are presented as number (%); continuous data are presented as mean (± standard deviation); and non-normally distributed continuous variables as median (interquartile range)
^b P-values for overall tests of differences between the groups from χ2 or Fisher’s Exact Test for categorical variables and one-way analysis of variance or Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables; p-value of <0.05 significant

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