Table 1 Demographics and clinical data according to the location of the esophageal injury
From: Non-iatrogenic esophageal injury: a retrospective analysis from the National Trauma Data Bank
Total | Thoracic | Cervical | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 944) | (n = 613) | (n = 331) | p | |
Demographics | ||||
Age (years), median (IQR) | 35 (24–52) | 35 (24–53) | 36 (25–49) | 0.885 |
Age >50 year | 259 (27.4) | 180 (29.4) | 79 (23.9) | 0.071 |
Gender, male | 731 (77.6) | 469 (76.8) | 262 (79.2) | 0.4 |
Race/ethnicity | ||||
White | 534 (56.6) | 342 (55.8) | 192 (58) | 0.512 |
Black | 240 (25.4) | 148 (24.1) | 92 (27.8) | 0.219 |
Mechanism | <0.001 | |||
Blunt | 335 (35.5) | 241 (39.3) | 94 (28.4) | |
Penetrating | 478 (50.6) | 278 (45.4) | 200 (60.4) | |
GSW | 337 (35.7) | 210 (34.3) | 127 (38.4) | 0.208 |
SW | 141 (14.9) | 68 (11.1) | 73 (22.1) | <0.001 |
MVC | 179 (19) | 133 (21.7) | 46 (13.9) | 0.004 |
AVP | 12 (1.3) | 10 (1.6) | 2 (0.6) | 0.179 |
Fall | 73 (7.7) | 51 (8.3) | 22 (6.6) | 0.358 |
MCC | 26 (2.8) | 18 (2.9) | 8 (2.4) | 0.642 |
Assault | 39 (4.1) | 26 (4.2) | 13 (3.9) | 0.817 |
Comorbidities | ||||
Current smoker | 141 (14.9) | 72 (11.7) | 69 (20.8) | <0.001 |
Chronic renal failure | 4 (0.4) | 2 (0.3) | 2 (0.6) | 0.53 |
Diabetes mellitus | 51 (5.4) | 34 (5.5) | 17 (5.1) | 0.79 |
Myocardial infarction | 6 (0.6) | 6 (1) | 0 (0) | 0.096 |
Hypertension | 149 (15.8) | 96 (15.7) | 53 (16) | 0.888 |
Obesity | 48 (5.1) | 25 (4.1) | 23 (6.9) | 0.055 |
Respiratory disease | 62 (6.6) | 32 (5.2) | 30 (9.1) | 0.023 |
Cirrhosis | 2 (0.2) | 2 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 0.544 |
ED vitals | ||||
SBP <90 mmHg | 89 (9.4) | 63 (10.3) | 26 (7.9) | 0.224 |
HR (bpm), median (IQR) | 97 (80–112) | 97 (80–114) | 96 (80–109) | 0.258 |
GCS score <9 | 218 (23.1) | 139 (22.7) | 79 (23.9) | 0.678 |
Injury description | ||||
ISS, median (IQR) | 24 (16–33) | 24 (16–34) | 21 (16–29) | 0.181 |
ISS >15 | 761 (80.6) | 495 (80.8) | 266 (80.4) | 0.886 |
Associated injuries (AIS ≥3) | ||||
Head | 270 (28.6) | 167 (27.2) | 103 (31.1) | 0.209 |
Chest | 860 (91.1) | 559 (91.2) | 301 (90.9) | 0.896 |
Abdomen | 161 (17.1) | 132 (21.5) | 29 (8.8) | <0.001 |
Extremities | 119 (12.6) | 86 (14) | 33 (10) | 0.073 |
Isolated esophageal injury | 218 (23.1) | 133 (21.7) | 85 (25.7) | 0.166 |
Esophageal OIS | 0.103 | |||
OIS I–II | 410 (43.4) | 280 (45.7) | 130 (39.3) | |
OIS III | 466 (49.4) | 287 (46.8) | 179 (54.1) | |
OIS IV–V | 68 (7.2) | 46 (7.5) | 22 (6.6) | |
Procedures | ||||
Tracheostomy | 199 (21.1) | 113 (18.4) | 86 (26) | 0.007 |
Trachea repair | 103 (10.9) | 45 (7.3) | 58 (17.5) | <0.001 |
Surgical treatment | 345 (36.5) | 208 (33.9) | 137 (41.4) | 0.023 |
Early treatment (≤24 h) | 275 (29.1) | 163 (26.6) | 112 (33.8) | 0.019 |