Table 1 Most frequently encountered pathogens, according to the surgical procedure [8]
Type of surgery | Likely pathogens |
|---|---|
Placement of grafts, prostheses, or implants | S. aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci |
Cardiac | S. aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci |
Neurosurgery | S. aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci |
Breast | S. aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci |
Ophthalmic (limited data; anterior segment resection, vitrectomy, and scleral buckling) | S. aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, streptococci, Gram-negative bacilli |
Orthopedic (total joint replacement, closed fractures/use of nails, plates, other internal fixation device, functional repair without implant/device trauma) | S. aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, Gram-negative bacilli |
Non-cardiac thoracic (lobectomy, pneumonectomy, wedge resection, other non-cardiac mediastinal procedures), closed tube thoracotomy | S. aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, S. pneumoniae, Gram-negative bacilli |
Vascular | S. aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci |
Appendectomy | Gram-negative bacilli, anaerobes |
Biliary tract | Gram-negative bacilli, anaerobes |
Colorectal | Gram-negative bacilli, anaerobes |
Gastroduodenal | Gram-negative bacilli, streptococci, oropharyngeal anaerobes (e.g., peptostreptococci) |
Head and neck (mainly procedures with incision through oropharyngeal mucosa) | S. aureus, streptococci, oropharyngeal anaerobes (e.g., peptostreptococci) |
Obstetric and gynecological | Gram-negative bacilli, enterococci, group B streptococci, anaerobes |
Urological | Gram-negative bacilli |