From: The use of laparoscopy in managing penetrating thoracoabdominal injuries in Africa: 83 cases reviewed
Grades
Definition
Management
I
Abscess—port-side
Opened at bedside
III-b
Anastomotic leak
Laparotomy and diverting stoma
Clotted haemothorax × 4
VATS × 4
V
Clotted haemothorax
Thoracotomy and decortication, died from anaesthetic complications