Table 4 Main etiologies of iatrogenic colonoscopy perforation (ICP)

Type of injury

 • Direct mechanical trauma

 • Barotrauma

 • Thermal/electrical injury

Endoscopic therapeutic procedures at risk for ICP

 • Colorectal stenting

 • Polypectomy

 • Colonic dilation

 • Argon plasma coagulation (APC)

 • Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR)

 • Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD)