Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study patients
Variables | Extravasation (+) n = 35 | Extravasation (−) n = 25 | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
Age, yearsa | 73 (61–82) | 63 (42–70) | 0.097 |
Gender (male), n (%)b | 18 (51.4) | 20 (80.0) | 0.031 |
Use of anticoagulation, antiplatelet drugs, n (%) | 5 (14.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.048 |
Trauma mechanism, n (%)b | 0.105 | ||
Motor vehicle | 27 (77.1) | 12 (48.0) | |
Fall | 7 (20.0) | 10 (40.0) | |
Sport | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.0) | |
Others | 1 (2.9) | 2 (8.0) | |
Vital signs at ED | |||
GCSa | 14 (13–15) | 15 (14–15) | 0.033 |
sBP, mmHga | 124 (109–133) | 130 (112–161) | 0.205 |
HR, bpma | 81 (71–94) | 76 (68–88) | 0.304 |
RR, bpma | 21 (17–24) | 18 (14–20) | 0.270 |
Blood Test | |||
Hemoglobin level, g/dLa | 11.7 (10.2–13.5) | 12.9 (11.8–14.3) | 0.078 |
Lactate level, mmol/La | 2.25 (1.58–2.86) | 2.02 (1.40–2.70) | 0.486 |
FDP, μg/mLa | 242 (145–355) | 96 (58–153) | < 0.001 |
D-dimer, μg/mLa | 81 (41–140) | 39 (21–75) | 0.006 |
Fibrinogen, mg/dLa | 225 (167–295) | 229 (198–266) | 0.931 |
PT–INRa | 1.09 (1.05–1.24) | 1.02 (0.98–1.08) | 0.003 |
Ratio of FDP to fibrinogena | 1.06 (0.85–2.01) | 0.46 (0.25–0.74) | < 0.001 |
AIS for each region | |||
Head (n = 26)a | 3 (3–4) | 3 (2–4) | 0.024 |
Chest (n = 25)a | 3 (3–4) | 3 (3–4) | 0.023 |
Abdomen (n = 12)a | 3 (2–4) | 3 (3–4) | 0.540 |
Extremities and the pelvis (n = 60)a | 4 (4–5) | 3 (3–4) | < 0.001 |
ISSa | 32 (25–44) | 14 (9–27) | < 0.001 |
Patterns of pelvic fractureb | |||
Young and Burgess | 0.021 | ||
LC1, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (16.0) | |
LC2, n (%) | 12 (34.3) | 9 (36.0) | |
LC3, n (%) | 16 (45.7) | 4 (16.0) | |
APC1, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
APC2, n (%) | 1 (2.9) | 0 (0.0) | |
APC3, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
VS, n (%) | 6 (17.1) | 8 (32.0) | |
WSES classification | 0.011 | ||
1, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (16.0) | |
2, n (%) | 29 (82.9) | 13 (52.0) | |
3, n (%) | 6 (17.1) | 8 (32.0) | |
Diagnostic procedure | |||
Angiography for the pelvis, n (%)b | 33 (94.3) | 7 (28.0) | < 0.001 |
Treatment for pelvic fracture | |||
TAE, n (%)b | 33 (94.3) | 4 (16.0) | < 0.001 |
External fixation, n (%)b | 2 (6.1) | 1 (5.0) | 1.000 |
Preperitoneal packing, n (%)b | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | N.A |
Amount of blood transfusion within 24 h, unitsa | 4 (0–14) | 0 (0–0) | 0.002 |
Time course | |||
Door to CT time, min | 22 (17–32) | 23 (19–32) | 0.722 |
Door to angiography time, min | 92 (81–116) | 71 (53–92) | 0.059 |
Mortality | |||
24-h mortality, n (%)b | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 |
30-day mortality, n (%)b | 4 (11.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0.216 |