TY - JOUR AU - Halpern, N. A. AU - Pastores, S. M. AU - Greenstein, R. J. PY - 2004 DA - 2004// TI - Critical care medicine in the United States 1985-2000: an analysis of bed numbers, use, and costs JO - Crit Care Med. VL - 32 ID - Halpern2004 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Halpern, N. A. AU - Pastores, S. M. PY - 2010 DA - 2010// TI - Critical care medicine in the United States 2000-2005: an analysis of bed numbers, occupancy rates, payer mix, and costs JO - Crit Care Med. VL - 38 ID - Halpern2010 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Jawad, I. AU - Luksic, I. AU - Rafnsson, S. B. PY - 2012 DA - 2012// TI - Assessing available information on the burden of sepsis: global estimates of incidence, prevalence and mortality JO - J Glob Health. VL - 2 ID - Jawad2012 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Fleischmann, C. AU - Scherag, A. AU - Adhikari, N. K. AU - Hartog, C. S. AU - Tsaganos, T. AU - Schlattmann, P. PY - 2016 DA - 2016// TI - Assessment of global incidence and mortality of hospital-treated sepsis. Current Estimates and Limitations JO - Am J Respir Crit Care Med. VL - 193 ID - Fleischmann2016 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Angus, D. C. AU - Linde-Zwirble, W. T. AU - Lidicker, J. AU - Clermont, G. AU - Carillo, J. AU - Pinsky, M. R. PY - 2001 DA - 2001// TI - Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcomes, and associated costs of care JO - Crit Care Med. VL - 29 ID - Angus2001 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Slade, E. AU - Tamber, P. S. AU - Vincent, J. L. PY - 2003 DA - 2003// TI - The surviving sepsis campaign: raising awareness to reduce mortality JO - Critical Care. VL - 7 ID - Slade2003 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Dellinger, R. P. AU - Levy, M. M. AU - Carlet, J. M. AU - Bion, J. AU - Parker, M. M. AU - Jaeschke, R. PY - 2008 DA - 2008// TI - Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008 JO - Intensive Care Med. VL - 34 ID - Dellinger2008 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Dellinger, R. P. AU - Levy, M. M. AU - Carlet, J. M. AU - Bion, J. AU - Parker, M. M. AU - Jaeschke, R. PY - 2008 DA - 2008// TI - Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008 JO - Crit Care Med. VL - 36 ID - Dellinger2008 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Singer, M. AU - Deutschman, C. S. AU - Seymour, C. W. AU - Shankar-Hari, M. AU - Annane, D. AU - Bauer, M. PY - 2016 DA - 2016// TI - The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3) JO - JAMA. VL - 315 ID - Singer2016 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Sartelli, M. AU - Abu-Zidan, F. M. AU - Catena, F. AU - Griffiths, E. A. AU - Saverio, S. AU - Coimbra, R. PY - 2015 DA - 2015// TI - Global validation of the WSES Sepsis Severity Score for patients with complicated intra-abdominal infections: a prospective multicentre study (WISS Study) JO - World journal of emergency surgery : WJES. VL - 10 ID - Sartelli2015 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Szakmany, T. AU - Lundin, R. M. AU - Sharif, B. AU - Ellis, G. AU - Morgan, P. AU - Kopczynska, M. PY - 2016 DA - 2016// TI - Sepsis prevalence and outcome on the general wards and emergency departments in Wales: results of a multi-centre, observational, point prevalence study JO - PLoS One. VL - 11 ID - Szakmany2016 ER - TY - STD TI - Paoli CJ, Reynolds MA, Sinha M, Gitlin M, Crouser E. Epidemiology and costs of sepsis in the United States-an analysis based on timing of diagnosis and severity level. Crit Care Med. 2018. ID - ref12 ER - TY - STD TI - Torio CM, Moore BJ. National inpatient hospital costs: the most expensive conditions by Payer, 2013, Rockville: agency for healthcare research and quality; 2016 [updated Last modified 4/28/16. HCUP Statistical Brief #204:]Available from: https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb204-Most-Expensive-Hospital-Conditions.jsp. UR - https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb204-Most-Expensive-Hospital-Conditions.jsp ID - ref13 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Sartelli, M. AU - Viale, P. AU - Catena, F. AU - Ansaloni, L. AU - Moore, E. AU - Malangoni, M. PY - 2013 DA - 2013// TI - 2013 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections JO - World journal of emergency surgery : WJES. VL - 8 ID - Sartelli2013 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Sartelli, M. AU - Catena, F. AU - Ansaloni, L. AU - Moore, E. AU - Malangoni, M. AU - Velmahos, G. PY - 2013 DA - 2013// TI - Complicated intra-abdominal infections in a worldwide context: an observational prospective study (CIAOW Study) JO - World journal of emergency surgery : WJES. VL - 8 ID - Sartelli2013 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Stawicki, S. P. AU - Brooks, A. AU - Bilski, T. AU - Scaff, D. AU - Gupta, R. AU - Schwab, C. W. PY - 2008 DA - 2008// TI - The concept of damage control: extending the paradigm to emergency general surgery JO - Injury. VL - 39 ID - Stawicki2008 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Cheatham, M. L. AU - Demetriades, D. AU - Fabian, T. C. AU - Kaplan, M. J. AU - Miles, W. S. AU - Schreiber, M. A. PY - 2013 DA - 2013// TI - Prospective study examining clinical outcomes associated with a negative pressure wound therapy system and Barker's vacuum packing technique JO - World journal of surgery. VL - 37 ID - Cheatham2013 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kirkpatrick, A. W. AU - Roberts, D. J. AU - Faris, P. D. AU - Ball, C. G. AU - Kubes, P. AU - Tiruta, C. PY - 2015 DA - 2015// TI - Active negative pressure peritoneal therapy after abbreviated laparotomy: the Intraperitoneal Vacuum Randomized Controlled Trial JO - Annals of surgery. VL - 262 ID - Kirkpatrick2015 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kubiak, B. D. AU - Albert, S. P. AU - Gatto, L. A. AU - Snyder, K. P. AU - Maier, K. G. AU - Vieau, C. J. PY - 2010 DA - 2010// TI - Peritoneal negative pressure therapy prevents multiple organ injury in a chronic porcine sepsis and ischemia/reperfusion model JO - Shock. VL - 34 ID - Kubiak2010 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Boldingh, Q. J. AU - Vries, F. E. AU - Boermeester, M. A. PY - 2017 DA - 2017// TI - Abdominal sepsis JO - Curr Opin Crit Care. VL - 23 ID - Boldingh2017 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Edejer, T. T. PY - 1999 DA - 1999// TI - North-South research partnerships: the ethics of carrying out research in developing countries JO - BMJ. VL - 319 ID - Edejer1999 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Abu-Zidan, F. M. AU - Rizk, D. E. PY - 2005 DA - 2005// TI - Research in developing countries: problems and solutions JO - Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. VL - 16 ID - Abu-Zidan2005 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Jones, D. S. AU - Grady, C. AU - Lederer, S. E. PY - 2016 DA - 2016// TI - "Ethics and Clinical Research"--The 50th Anniversary of Beecher's Bombshell JO - N Engl J Med. VL - 374 ID - Jones2016 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Garland, J. PY - 1966 DA - 1966// TI - Experimentation on man JO - N Engl J Med. VL - 274 ID - Garland1966 ER - TY - STD TI - Wikipedia. Nuremburg Code: Wikipedia; 2019 [updated 8 April 2019; cited 2019 May 7 2019]. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Code. UR - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Code ID - ref25 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Vollmann, J. AU - Winau, R. PY - 1996 DA - 1996// TI - Informed consent in human experimentation before the Nuremberg code JO - BMJ. VL - 313 ID - Vollmann1996 ER - TY - STD TI - Wikipedia. Declaration of Helsinki: Wikipedia; 2019 [updated 24 April 2019; cited 2019. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Helsinki. UR - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Helsinki ID - ref27 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Millum, J. AU - Wendler, D. AU - Emanuel, E. J. PY - 2013 DA - 2013// TI - The 50th anniversary of the Declaration of Helsinki: progress but many remaining challenges JO - JAMA. VL - 310 ID - Millum2013 ER - TY - STD TI - Wikepedia. Belmont Report: Wikipedia; 2019 [updated 13 February 2019. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont_Report. UR - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belmont_Report ID - ref29 ER - TY - STD TI - National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Belmont Report. Washington, DC 30 September 1978. Contract No.: DHEW Publication No. (OS) 78-0012. ID - ref30 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Marshall, E. PY - 1986 DA - 1986// TI - Does the moral philosophy of the Belmont Report rest on a mistake? JO - IRB. VL - 8 ID - Marshall1986 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Jonsen, A. R. PY - 1989 DA - 1989// TI - The ethics of using human volunteers for high-risk research JO - J Infect Dis. VL - 160 ID - Jonsen1989 ER - TY - STD TI - International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. ICH harmonization for better health 2019 [cited 2019. Available from: https://www.ich.org/about/mission.html. UR - https://www.ich.org/about/mission.html ID - ref33 ER - TY - STD TI - Canadian Institute for Health Research (CIHR), Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC). Panel on Research Ethics: Government of Canada; 2018 [updated 2018-04-13. Available from: http://www.pre.ethics.gc.ca/eng/index/. UR - http://www.pre.ethics.gc.ca/eng/index/ ID - ref34 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Parvizi, J. AU - Chakravarty, R. AU - Og, B. AU - Rodriguez-Paez, A. PY - 2008 DA - 2008// TI - Informed consent: is it always necessary? JO - Injury. VL - 39 ID - Parvizi2008 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Freedman, B. PY - 1987 DA - 1987// TI - Equipoise and the ethics of clinical research JO - N Engl J Med. VL - 317 ID - Freedman1987 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Harron, K. AU - Wololfall, K. AU - Dwan, K. AU - Gamble, C. AU - Mok, Q. PY - 2015 DA - 2015// TI - Deferred consent for randomized controlled trials i emergency care settings JO - Pediatrics. VL - 136 ID - Harron2015 ER - TY - JOUR AU - McCulloch, P. AU - Feinberg, J. AU - Philippou, Y. AU - Kolias, A. AU - Kehoe, S. AU - Lancaster, G. PY - 2018 DA - 2018// TI - Progress in clinical research in surgery and IDEAL JO - Lancet. VL - 392 ID - McCulloch2018 ER - TY - JOUR AU - McCulloch, P. AU - Taylor, I. AU - Sasako, M. AU - Lovett, B. AU - Griffin, D. PY - 2002 DA - 2002// TI - Randomised trials in surgery: problems and possible solutions JO - BMJ. VL - 324 ID - McCulloch2002 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Horton, R. PY - 1996 DA - 1996// TI - Surgical research or comic opera: questions, but few answers JO - Lancet. VL - 347 ID - Horton1996 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Ergina, P. L. AU - Cook, J. A. AU - Blazeby, J. M. AU - Boutron, I. AU - Clavien, P. A. AU - Reeves, B. C. PY - 2009 DA - 2009// TI - Challenges in evaluating surgical innovation JO - Lancet. VL - 374 ID - Ergina2009 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Barnett, H. J. M. AU - Taylor, D. W. AU - Haynes, R. B. AU - Sackett, D. L. AU - Peerless, S. J. PY - 1991 DA - 1991// TI - Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis JO - N Engl J Med. VL - 325 ID - Barnett1991 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Fishman, A. AU - Fessler, H. AU - Martinez, F. AU - RJ, M. K. AU - Naunheim, K. PY - 2001 DA - 2001// TI - Patients at high risk of death after lung-volume-reduction surgery JO - N Engl J Med. VL - 345 ID - Fishman2001 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kirkpatrick, A. W. AU - Coccolini, F. AU - Ansaloni, L. AU - Roberts, D. J. AU - Tolonen, M. AU - McKee, J. L. PY - 2018 DA - 2018// TI - Closed Or Open after Source Control Laparotomy for Severe Complicated Intra-Abdominal Sepsis (the COOL trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial JO - World J Emerg Surg. VL - 13 ID - Kirkpatrick2018 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Roberts, D. J. AU - Ball, C. G. AU - Kirkpatrick, A. W. PY - 2016 DA - 2016// TI - Increased pressure within the abdominal compartment: intra-abdominal hypertension and the abdominal compartment syndrome JO - Curr Opin Crit Care. VL - 22 ID - Roberts2016 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Leligdowicz, A. AU - Dodek, P. M. AU - Norena, M. AU - Wong, H. AU - Kumar, A. AU - Kumar, A. PY - 2014 DA - 2014// TI - Association between source of infection and hospital mortality in patients who have septic shock JO - Am J Respir Crit Care Med. VL - 189 ID - Leligdowicz2014 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Tellor, B. AU - Skrupky, L. P. AU - Symons, W. AU - High, E. AU - Micek, S. T. AU - Mazuski, J. E. PY - 2015 DA - 2015// TI - Inadequate source control and inappropriate antibiotics are key determinants of mortality in patients with intra-abdominal sepsis and associated bacteremia JO - Surg Infect (Larchmt). VL - 16 ID - Tellor2015 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Coccolini, F. AU - Montori, G. AU - Ceresoli, M. AU - Catena, F. AU - Moore, E. E. AU - Ivatury, R. PY - 2017 DA - 2017// TI - The role of open abdomen in non-trauma patient: WSES Consensus Paper JO - World J Emerg Surg. VL - 12 ID - Coccolini2017 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kirkpatrick, A. W. AU - Sugrue, M. AU - McKee, J. L. AU - Pereira, B. M. AU - Roberts, D. J. AU - Waele, J. J. PY - 2017 DA - 2017// TI - Update from the Abdominal Compartment Society (WSACS) on intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome: past, present, and future beyond Banff 2017 JO - Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. VL - 49 ID - Kirkpatrick2017 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Ogilve, W. H. PY - 1940 DA - 1940// TI - The late complications of abdominal war wounds JO - Lancet. VL - 2 ID - Ogilve1940 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Tolonen, M. AU - Coccolini, F. AU - Ansaloni, L. AU - Sartelli, M. AU - Roberts, D. J. AU - McKee, J. L. PY - 2018 DA - 2018// TI - Getting the invite list right: a discussion of sepsis severity scoring systems in severe complicated intra-abdominal sepsis and randomized trial inclusion criteria JO - World J Emerg Surg. VL - 13 ID - Tolonen2018 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Coccolini, F. AU - Roberts, D. AU - Ansaloni, L. AU - Ivatury, R. AU - Gamberini, E. AU - Kluger, Y. PY - 2018 DA - 2018// TI - The open abdomen in trauma and non-trauma patients: WSES guidelines JO - World J Emerg Surg. VL - 13 ID - Coccolini2018 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Sartelli, M. AU - Catena, F. AU - Abu-Zidan, F. M. AU - Ansaloni, L. AU - Biffl, W. L. AU - Boermeester, M. A. PY - 2017 DA - 2017// TI - Management of intra-abdominal infections: recommendations by the WSES 2016 consensus conference JO - World J Emerg Surg. VL - 12 ID - Sartelli2017 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Bozza, F. A. AU - Garteiser, P. AU - Oliveira, M. F. AU - Doblas, S. AU - Cranford, R. AU - Saunders, D. PY - 2010 DA - 2010// TI - Sepsis-associated encephalopathy: a magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy study JO - J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. VL - 30 ID - Bozza2010 ER - TY - JOUR AU - He, Y. J. AU - Xu, H. AU - Fu, Y. J. AU - Lin, J. Y. AU - Zhang, M. W. PY - 2018 DA - 2018// TI - Intraperitoneal hypertension, a novel risk factor for sepsis-associated encephalopathy in sepsis mice JO - Sci Rep. VL - 8 ID - He2018 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Gofton, T. E. AU - Young, G. B. PY - 2012 DA - 2012// TI - Sepsis-associated encephalopathy JO - Nat Rev Neurol. VL - 8 ID - Gofton2012 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Sprung, C. L. AU - Peduzzi, P. N. AU - Shatney, C. H. AU - Schein, R. M. AU - Wilson, M. F. AU - Sheagren, J. N. PY - 1990 DA - 1990// TI - Impact of encephalopathy on mortality in the sepsis syndrome. The Veterans Administration Systemic Sepsis Cooperative Study Group JO - Crit Care Med VL - 18 ID - Sprung1990 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Bartynski, W. S. AU - Boardman, J. F. AU - Zeigler, Z. R. AU - Shadduck, R. K. AU - Lister, J. PY - 2006 DA - 2006// TI - Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in infection, sepsis, and shock JO - AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. VL - 27 ID - Bartynski2006 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Sharshar, T. AU - Carlier, R. AU - Bernard, F. AU - Guidoux, C. AU - Brouland, J. P. AU - Nardi, O. PY - 2007 DA - 2007// TI - Brain lesions in septic shock: a magnetic resonance imaging study JO - Intensive Care Med. VL - 33 ID - Sharshar2007 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Harron, K. AU - Woolfall, K. AU - Dwan, K. AU - Gamble, C. AU - Mok, Q. AU - Ramnarayan, P. PY - 2015 DA - 2015// TI - Deferred consent for randomized controlled trials in emergency care settings JO - Pediatrics. VL - 136 ID - Harron2015 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Largent, E. A. AU - Wendler, D. AU - Emanuel, E. AU - Miller, F. G. PY - 2010 DA - 2010// TI - Is emergency research without initial consent justified? JO - Arch Intern Med. VL - 170 ID - Largent2010 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Truog, R. D. AU - Robinson, W. AU - Randolph, A. AU - Morris, A. PY - 1999 DA - 1999// TI - Is informed consent always necessary for randomized, controlled trials? JO - N Engl J Med. VL - 340 ID - Truog1999 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Woolfall, K. AU - Frith, L. AU - Gamble, C. AU - Gilbert, R. AU - Mok, Q. AU - Young, B. PY - 2015 DA - 2015// TI - How parents and practicioners experience research without prior consent (defferred consent) for emergency research involving children with life threatening conditions: a mixed method study JO - BMJ Open. VL - 5 ID - Woolfall2015 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Luce, J. M. PY - 2003 DA - 2003// TI - Is the concept of informed consent applicable to clinical research involving critically ill patients? JO - Crit Care Med. VL - 31 ID - Luce2003 ER - TY - STD TI - Finfer S, Bellomo R, Boyce N, French J, Myburgh J, Norton R, et al. A comparison of albumin and saline for fluid resuscitation in the intensive care unit. N Engl J Med. 2004;(350):2247–56. ID - ref65 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Shakur, H. AU - Roberts, I. AU - Bautista, R. AU - Caballero, J. AU - Coats, T. AU - Dewan, Y. PY - 2010 DA - 2010// TI - Effects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events, and blood transfusion in trauma patients with significant haemorrhage (CRASH-2): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial JO - Lancet. VL - 376 ID - Shakur2010 ER - TY - JOUR AU - FIX-Gamble, C. AU - Nadel, S. AU - Snape, D. PY - 2012 DA - 2012// TI - FIX. What parents of children who have recieved emergency care think about deferring consent in randomized trials of emergency treatments: postal survey JO - PLoS One. VL - 14 ID - FIX-Gamble2012 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Li, F. X. AU - Nah, S. A. AU - Low, Y. PY - 2014 DA - 2014// TI - Informed consent for emergency surgery - how much do parents truly remember? JO - J Pediatr Surg. VL - 49 ID - Li2014 ER - TY - STD TI - Sakusic A, Rabinstein AA. Cognitive outcomes after critical illness. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2018. ID - ref69 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Shamy, M. C. F. AU - Dewar, B. AU - Chevrier, S. AU - Wang, C. Q. AU - Page, S. AU - Goyal, M. PY - 2019 DA - 2019// TI - Deferral of consent in acute stroke trials JO - Stroke. VL - 50 ID - Shamy2019 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Sohn, M. AU - Agha, A. AU - Heitland, W. AU - Gundling, F. AU - Steiner, P. AU - Iesalnieks, I. PY - 2016 DA - 2016// TI - Damage control strategy for the treatment of perforated diverticulitis with generalized peritonitis JO - Tech Coloproctol. VL - 20 ID - Sohn2016 ER - TY - JOUR AU - McCulloch, P. AU - Altman, D. G. AU - Campbell, W. B. AU - Flum, D. R. AU - Glasziou, P. AU - Marshall, J. C. PY - 2009 DA - 2009// TI - No surgical innovation without evaluation: the IDEAL recommendations JO - Lancet. VL - 374 ID - McCulloch2009 ER -