Table 4 Complications using Dindo–Clavien classification

Grade I

Any deviation from the normal postoperative course without the need for pharmacological treatment or surgical, endoscopic and radiological interventions. Allowed therapeutic regimens are as follows: drugs as antiemetics, antipyretics, analgetics, diuretics and electrolytes and physiotherapy. This grade also includes wound infections opened at the bedside

4

Grade II

Requiring pharmacological treatment with drugs other than such allowed for grade I complications. Blood transfusions and total parenteral nutrition are also included

27

Grade III

Requiring surgical, endoscopic or radiological intervention

 IIIa

Intervention not under general anaesthesia

126

 IIIb

Intervention under general anaesthesia

18

Grade IV

Life-threatening complication (including CNS complications) * requiring IC/ICU-management

 IVa

Single organ dysfunction (including dialysis)

 IVb

Multiorgan dysfunction

Grade V

Death of a patient

3