Table 1 Summary of reviewed studies [retrospective analytical]
From: Risk factors associated with quadbike crashes: a systematic review
References | Study location—geogra phic region | Age range, if more specific | Sample size | Duration of records (months) | Data source | Study outcome of interest | Risk factor |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bowman et al. [63] | USA | All age-groups | 11,589 | 48 | National Trauma Data Bank-American College of Surgeons | Traumatic brain injury, neck injury, mortality, pediatric injury | Helmet non-use |
Benham et al. [64] | Charlotte, North Carolina, USA | 12–46 years | 304 | 48 | Trauma Registry, Carolinas Medical Centre | Traumatic brain injury | Helmet non-use |
Bethea et al. [56] | South-West Virginia, USA | 20–47 years | 1857 | 23 | Trauma Registry at Level 1 Trauma Centre | Injury | Substance abuse, helmet non-use |
Bohl [60] | USA | > 21 Years | 1884 | 12 | National Electronic Injury Surveillance System | Hospitalization | Substance abuse, age |
Brandenburg et al. [57] | Tulsa, USA | 0–34 years | 193 | 40 | Trauma Emergency Centre records, St. Frances Hospital | Rollover | Uneven terrain, age |
Deladisma et al. [61] | USA | All age-groups | 6308 | 768 | National Trauma Data Bank | Death | Age |
Denning et al. [72] | Iowa, USA | All age-groups | 813 | 95 | Department of Transportation [Crash]; Department of Natural Resources [off-road crash public land] State trauma Registry | Crash | Organized riding environment |
Denning et al. [83] | Iowa, USA | < 18 years | 3240 | 180 | U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission database | Death | Gender, passenger status, age, multiple rider, helmet non-use |
Flaherty et al. [66] | Massachusetts, USA | 0–34 Years | 4119 | 132 | Massachusetts General Hospital Electronic record | Hospitalization | QB laws on pediatric minimum age; engine size |
Garay et al. [41] | Pennsylvania, USA | < 17 years | 1912 | 131 | Pennsylvania Trauma Systems Foundation | Musculoskeletal injury | Passenger status |
Jennissen et al. [55] | USA | All age-groups | 537 | 12 | State Trauma Registry | Backward rollover | Multiple rider, passenger status |
Jennissen et al. [62] | Iowa, USA | All age-groups | 3752 | 215 | Iowa ORV injury surveillance database | Nighttime crashes | Age, alcohol use, helmet use |
Krauss et al. [49] | Alberta, Canada | 18–40 years | 459 | 120 | Alberta Trauma Registry | Death | Type of crash—rollover or ejection vs collision; head injuries; alcohol consumption |
Li et al. [40] | USA | 8–15 years | 6826 | 288 | National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) | Injury | Age |
McBride et al. [42] | North Carolina, USA | < 18 years | 88 | 60 | Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Centre Trauma Registry | Head neck injury | Passenger status, helmet non-use |
McLean et al. [73] | Canada | < 16 years | 5005 | 228 | Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program (CHIRPP) surveillance | Head injury | Age, helmet non-use, minimum age for QB use legislation |
McLean et al. [50] | Canada | > 16 years | 5002 | 10 | Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program (CHIRPP) surveillance | Injury | Age < 16 years, helmet non-use |
Pelletier et al. [51] | Alberta, Canada | 2–82 years | 435 | 63 | Alberta Trauma Registry (ATR) | Head injury, death | Helmet non-use |
Rodgers [59] | USA | All age-groups | 2401 | 108 | U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission database | Death | Age, occupation residence, gender |
Upperman et al. [12] | USA | < 17 Years | 1342 | 192 | US Consumer Product Safety Commission database | Death | Legal and regulatory standards |
Winfield et al. [10] | Florida, USA | All age-groups | 377 | 36 | National Trauma Registry of the American College of Surgeons (NTRACS), Hospital Database | Injury | Age, helmet non-use, driving on public roads |