Table 1 Study characteristics of the publications for the complications of the spilled gallstones
From: Consequences of the spilled gallstones during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a systematic review
Author, country, year | Number of patients | Age | Indication for LC | Reference to the spilled stones | Presenting symptoms | Time of onset of symptoms after LC | Complications caused by Lost stones and location found | Type of reintervention |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ray S India, 2021 | 1 | 48 | NR | NR | Low-grade fever and swelling on the site of the axillary port | 39Â months | Tender swelling on the site of the axillary port | Surgical removal |
Mehmood UK, 2021 | 1 | 65 | Symptomatic cholelithiasis | Yes | Long standing dry cough, fever and painful swelling over the back in the right paraspinal area | 8 years | Large abscess in the right paraspinal region and retroperitoneal abscess | I + D |
Guruvaiah USA, 2021 | 1 | 61 | Acute cholecystitis | Yes | 1-year history of intermittent RUQ pain, recurrent bronchitis and pneumonia with mucopurulent cough and sputum since his LC | Recurrent pneumonia since his LC | Bronchobiliary fistula | Trans-diaphragmatic takedown of the BBF and right hepatic middle lobe wedge resection |
Djelassi Belgium, 2021 | 1 | 82 | Perforated necrotic cholecystitis | NR | Chronic fistula at the RUQ | 8Â years | Abscess between the right internal oblique and transverses abdominis | Fistulectomy and drainage |
Tchercansky Argentina, 2020 | 1 | 69 | Gallbladder empyema | Yes | Loculated pleural effusion of the Right Hemithorax in posterior cost-diaphragmatic recess | 5Â months | Pleural effusion | CT guided thoracic drainage initially and then Lung decortication by Video Assisted Thoracoscopy |
Kafadar Turkey, 2020 | 1 | 42 | NR | NR | Painful swelling in suprapubic region persistent for 3Â days | 10Â years | Omental granuloma | Partial omentectomy |
Marçal Portugal, 2020 | 1 | 79 | Symptomatic cholelithiasis | NR | Emergent admission for Right subcutaneous lumbar abscess 10 cm with no retroperitoneal extension and renal involvement | 3 years | Right subcutaneous lumbar abscess | Surgical drainage |
Bolat Turkey, 2020 | 1 | 62 | Acute Cholecystitis | NR | Incidental finding in the right inguinal hernial sac | 5Â months | Incidental finding in the right inguinal hernial sac | Surgical excision |
Heywood Australia, 2019 | 1 | 70 | Emergency LC | NR | Incidental finding in the right inguinal hernial sac | 5Â years | Incidental finding in the right inguinal hernial sac | Surgical excision |
Cummings USA, 2019 | 1 | 70 | Emphysematous cholecystitis and liver abscess | Yes | vague abdominal discomfort | 2 years | Sub hepatic | Surgical exploration + drainage |
Akhtar Pakistan, 2018 | 1 | 78 | NR | NR | Recurrent bouts of abdominal pain and fever for the previous 2Â weeks in the RUQ | 10Â years | 19Â cm Right subdiaphragmatic and retroperitoneal abscess | CT-guided drainage |
Tyagi USA, 2018 | 1 | 70 | Acute Cholecystitis | Yes | Septic shock CT scan: two partly calcified soft tissue masses associated with the right iliopsoas and obturator internal muscles | 2Â months | Iliopsoas abscess and periprosthetic hip infection | Surgical drainage |
Capolupo Italy, 2018 | 1 | 73 | Chronic cholecystitis | Yes | Peritoneal nodule detected during FU for kidney stones | 16Â months | Peritoneum, NO complications | Laparoscopic excision |
Urade Japan, 2018 | 1 | 68 | Gangrenous Cholecystitis | Yes | CT findings of omental abscess and ascites around the spleen | 7Â months | Omental abscess | Laparoscopic partial omentectomy |
Ologun 2018 | 1 | 52 | Biliary colic | NR | Occasional postpranding epigastric pain | 4Â years | Calcified intraabdominal mass within the omentum detected in routine FU for Lap sleeve gastrectomy | Laparoscopic resection of the mass |
Stroobants Belgium, 2018 | 1 | 72 | Symptomatic cholelithiasis | NR | Intermittent complains for RUQ pain | NR | Subhepatic abscess | Open drainage |
Kaplan Israel, 2018 | 1 | 73 | NR | NR | Six months vague RUQ pain | 10 years | Perihepatic abscess | Lap drainage |
Kaplan B 2018 | 1 | 41 | NR | NR | One-month vague RUQ pain | 3Â years | Perihepatic abscess | Lap drainage |
Koichopolos Canada, 2017 | 1 | 80 | NR | NR | Gastric outlet obstruction, 30 pounds weight loss, progressively worsening nausea, vomiting and significant gastroesophageal reflux | NR | Intramural obstruction of pylorus | Billroth II Distal gastrectomy |
Canna UK, 2017 | 1 | 79 | Chronic cholecystitis | NR | Painful and firm mass on the right flank | 5Â years | Retroperitoneal abscess | Surgical drainage |
Lentz USA, 2017 | 1 | 57 | Symptomatic cholelithiasis | NR | Cough and right flank pain | 2Â years | Perihepatic, pulmonary and renal abscesses | Thoracic drainage |
Faour Syria, 2017 | 1 | 44 | Symptomatic cholelithiasis | NR | Mass in the RUQ associated with pain, nausea and early satiety for the last 6Â months | 6Â years | Intra-abdominal cystic mass | Surgical excision |
Ragozzino Italy, 2016 | 1 | 63 | Chronic cholecystitis | NR | Intermittent vague discomfort of RUQ | 2 years | Subphrenic abscess | 3 × 3 cm mass excised |
Kim Korea, 2016 | 1 | 59 | NR | NR | Constant RUQ pain | 5 months | Retroperitoneal mass | 5 × 5 cm retroperitoneal mass was excised |
Goodman USA, 2016 | 1 | 87 | Acute Cholecystitis | NR | Right flank pain and tenderness | 4Â years | Right flank soft tissue tumour | Surgical excision |
Moga Romania, 2016 | 1 | 66 | Acute Cholecystitis | NR | Fever and large abscess in the right lumbar region | 4Â years | Right lumbar region abscess and subhepatic abscess | Lap drainage |
Bedell USA, 2015 | 1 | 41 | Symptomatic cholelithiasis | NR | Dysmenorrhea progressed to chronic pelvic pain unrelated to menses | 9Â years | pelvic abscess | Lap drainage |
Binagi USA, 2015 | 1 | 58 | Symptomatic cholelithiasis | NR | Continuous but waxed and waned pain, reaching levels eight out of ten of Likert scale | 3Â years | Perihepatic abscess | Lap drainage |
Grass Switzerland, 2015 | 1 | 75 | Acute cholecystitis | NR | Periumbilical redness and tenderness | 3Â years | Abdominal wall abscess in the periumbilical port site | Drainage |
Noda Japan 2014 | 1 | 52 | Symptomatic cholelithiasis | NR | Incidental US finding during medical check up | 7Â months | Sub hepatic abscess | Percutaneous abscess drainage |
Noda Japan, 2014 | 1 | 41 | Symptomatic cholelithiasis | NR | RUQ pain | 13Â months | A rounded mass in the subhepatic space | Open drainage |
Ahmad UK, 2014 | 1 | 37 | Symptomatic cholelithiasis, incidental pT1a gallbladder cancer | Yes | Recurrent pain two year after LC | 2Â years | Multiple tumour embedded gallstones on the diaphragm and lesion in segment VI of the liver | Surgical excision of diaphragmatic nodules and liver segmentectomy VI |
Lee Korea, 2013 | 5 | 65/55/48/72/80 | 1.recurrent ac ch/tis 2. Gangrenous Ch/tis 3. Recurrent ac ch/tis 4. Gangrenous ch/tis 5. Recurrent ac ch/tis | Yes | NR | 7/18/31/4Â months 2nd post day | Subhepatic abscess/cul de sac abscess/umbilical fistula/portal fistula/peritonitis | Drainage/drainage/prolonged wound care/antibiotic administration |
Morris USA, 2013 | 1 | 71 | Â | NR | Pulmonary complains of diffuse abdominal pain, associated with nausea and emesis lasted for 24Â h | 15Â years | Dense mesenteric cicatrix causing ileocolic torsion and cecal volvulus | Ileocecectomy |
Peravali UK, 2013 | 1 | 61 | Acute Cholecystitis | Yes | 12-month history of persistent RUQ pain, 8Â KG weight loss, anorexia, night sweats, intermittent pyrexical episodes | 3Â years | Sub hepatic abscess | Lap drainage |
Peravali UK, 2013 | 1 | 86 | Acute cholecystitis | Yes | Chronically discharged right back fistula | 5 years | Subphrenic abscess with atmospheric fistula | Lap drainage |
Dobradin 2013 | 1 | 82 | Elective cholecystectomy | NR | RUQ pain lasting for 2 months | 8 years | Right flank abscess | I + D |
Chatzimavroudis Greece, 2012 | 1 | 72 | Symptomatic cholelithiasis | Yes | High fever, chills and constant pain in the Right lumbar region for 2Â days | 6Â months | Retroperitoneal abscess | CT-guided drainage |
Gorospe Spain, 2013 | 1 | 63 | Acute Cholecystitis | NR | Fever, malaise, weight loss | 6w | Fever of unknown aetiology | NR |
Anrique Chile, 2013 | 1 | 60 | NR | NR | Incidental finding during Lap Gynaecologic procedure | 14 years | Multiple gallstones incrusted in the Douglas’ pouch | Surgical removal |
Arai ColonJapan, 2013 | 1 | 65 | Symptomatic cholelithiasis | NR | Referred by GP for further investigation of an abnormal liver mass | 4Â years | Subphrenic abscess | Wedge resection of the liver and diaphragm |
Papadopoulos Greece, 2012 | 1 | 86 | Symptomatic cholelithiasis | NR | Incidental finding during right hemicolectomy | 8Â years | Gallstones embedded in the omentum | Removal during right hemicolectomy |
Singh USA, 2012 | 1 | 42 | NR | NR | Worsening Right-sided tenderness and pain, low grade fever, night chills | 7 years | 50 pounds weight loss over 5 months | Surgical excision of 4 × 6 cm |
Rammohan India, 2012 | 1 | 50 | NR | NR | Minimally painful, slow progressing mass in the RUQ for the last two years | 4 years | 10 × 5 cm organised extrahepatic mass in the sub-diaphragmatic space extending onto the soft tissues of parietal wall | Laparoscopic piecemeal excision |
Kayashima Japan, 2011 | 1 | 57 | Acute cholecystitis | Yes | Incidental abdominal US showed 3 liver lesions | 3Â years | Inflammatory pseudotumour of the liver | Posterior segmentectomy and concomitant resection of the diaphragm |
Hussain Saudi Arabia, 2010 | 1 | 33 | Acute cholecystitis | Yes | Intermittent attacks of pain RUQ, nausea, vomiting for 7 months | 9 years | Discharging abdominal wall abscess extending to the retroperitoneum | I + D |
Pottakkat India, 2010 | 1 | Â | Symptomatic cholelithiasis | NR | Fever, malaise | 11Â years | Dumbbell abscess in the perihepatic area | Open drainage |
Bouasker Tunisia, 2010 | 1 | 57 | Acute cholecystitis | NR | RIF painful swelling | 8 years | Subcutaneous collection | I + D |
Gooneratne New Zealand, 2010 | 1 | 54 | Acute cholecystitis | NR | Recurrent urinary tract infections | 14Â years | Colovesical fistula | Surgical repair of the fistula |
Helme 2009 | 1 | 77 | NR | NR | Night sweets, right back pain and loin swelling for 2Â weeks | 5Â years | Complex subphrenic, subhepatic and subcutaneous abscesses | US-guided drainage. Patient declined operation to remove the offending gallstones |
Morishita Japan, 2009 | 1 | 67 | Symptomatic cholelithiasis | NR | Incidental finding during FU for aneurysm | 1Â year | Granuloma | Conservative treatment |
Dasari UK, 2009 | 1 | 67 | Acute cholecystitis | Repeat laparoscopy for septicaemia and drainage of fluid collection | Recurrent lower abdominal pain | 2Â years | Nodules mimicking peritoneal metastases | Lap excision |
Maempel UK, 2009 | 1 | 42 | Symptomatic cholelithiasis | NR | Strangulated recurrent paraumbilical hernia | 10 years | Abdominal wall abscess | I + D |
Hougård Denmark, 2008 | 1 | 64 | Acute cholecystitis | Yes | Referred for Management of abdominal fistulas | 7 years | Atmospheric fistula | Surgical excision |
Arishi Saudi Arabia, 2008 | 1 | 45 | Symptomatic cholelithiasis | NR | Central colicky abdominal pains and swelling lasted for 6Â months | 15Â years | Cystic mass of the rectus abdominis | Surgical excision |
De Hingh the Netherlands, 2007 | 1 | 41 | Acute Cholecystitis | Yes | NR | 1Â year | Rectovaginal pouch abscess | Surgical excision |
Stupak USA, 2007 | 1 | 72 | NR | Yes | Fever, nausea, anorexia, and pain in the RUQ lasting for 3Â weeks | 11Â years | Subhepatic collection | US-guided percutaneous drainage |
Pantamowitz USA, 2007 | 1 | 53 | Symptomatic cholelithiasis | NR | Pelvic pain | 7Â years | Left overs granuloma | Surgical excision |
Wehbe Australia, 2007 | 1 | 80 | Symptomatic cholelithiasis | NR | Abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhoea | 10Â years | Mass in the right lower quadrant | Lap excision |
Wittich USA, 2007 | 1 | 42 | Symptomatic cholelithiasis | NR | Severe metrorrhagia, dysmenorrhea | 13Â months | Abscess in the pouch of Douglas | 16 gallstones discovered after transvaginal hysterectomy for severe dysmenorrhoea and metrorrhagia |
Bhati UK, 2006 A | 1 | 52 | Symptomatic cholelithiasis | NR | Upper abdominal pain | 1w | CT: cystic mass in the left lobe of the liver | Open drainage |
Bhati UK, 2006 B | 1 | 60 | Symptomatic cholelithiasis | NR | Fever and pain in her back | 28Â months | Subdiaphragmatic abscess | Open drainage |
Bhati UK, 2006 C | 1 | 56 | Symptomatic cholelithiasis | NR | Fever and pain of the upper abdomen | 7 years | Subdiaphragmatic abscess | I + D |
Ianniti USA, 2006 | 1 | 70 | Symptomatic cholelithiasis | NR | Generalised aches and pains | 18 months | Subphrenic + pleural abscess | Open and US guided drainage, due to recurrence open removal |
Hand USA, 2006 | 1 | 50 | Biliary pancreatitis | NR | Pain, fever, large fluctuant mass lateral to umbilicus | 2Â years | Abdominal wall cystic mass | US-guided drainage, later local exploration and excision of the abscess |
Viera Italy, 2006 | 1 | 72 | Symptomatic cholelithiasis | NR | Fever, general malaise and weight loss | 18Â months | 3 inflammatory lesions in seg II and VII | Open excision |
Viera Italy, 2006 | 1 | 70 | Acute Cholecystitis | Yes | Patient asymptomatic, incidental US finding | 2Â months | Asymptomatic | Watch and see approach |
AlSamkari USA, 2004 | 1 | 36 | Symptomatic cholelithiasis | Yes | Diffuse abdominal pain nausea, vomiting and weakness | 11Â years | Necrotic transverse colon from mid-ascending to just distal the splenic flexure | Surgical excision |
Koç Turkey, 2004 | 1 | 75 | Symptomatic cholelithiasis | NR | NR | 6 years | Retroperitoneal abscess | Percutaneous drainage |
Stevens, 2003 | 1 | 68 | Gallstone pancreatitis | NR | 30-pound weight loss and acholic stools | 1Â year | Subhepatic abscess | Open drainage |
Aspelung Iceland 2003 | 1 | NR | NR | NR | Incidental finding during routine hernioplasty | days 10 | Gallstones in the hernial sac | Removal during hernia repair |
Papasavas Greece, 2002 | 1 | 77 | Symptomatic cholelithiasis | Yes | Fever, pain | 15Â months | Right flank abscess | Surgical removal |
Yadav, 2002 | 1 | NR | Symptomatic cholelithiasis | NR | NR | 1Â year | Subphrenic abscess | Open drainage |
Van Mierlo, 2002 | 1 | 48 | Symptomatic cholelithiasis | Yes | Pain in the RUQ, nausea, vomiting | 2Â years | Subhepatic abscess | Open drainage |
Hawasli, 2002 A | 1 | 75 | Symptomatic cholelithiasis | NR | Pain, fever | 4Â years | Abdominal wall abscess | Open drainage |
Hawasli, 2002 B | 1 | 43 | Symptomatic cholelithiasis | NR | Pain, fever | 2Â months | Subdiaphragmatic and subhepatic abscesses | Â |
Famulari, 2002 | 1 | NR | Symptomatic cholelithiasis | NR | Dysuria, pollakiuria, vesical tenesmus | 2Â years | Urinary bladder granuloma | Partial cystectomy |
Werber USA, 2001 | 1 | 64 | Symptomatic cholelithiasis | Yes | Low-grade fever with chills, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue | 1Â month | Sub hepatic abscess and 3Â cm round mass with speculated borders in the right lower lobe of the lung | Right thoracotomy |
Yao China, 2001 | 1 | NR | Symptomatic cholelithiasis | NR | NR | 2Â years | Periumbilical abscess | Surgical excision |
Battaglia Italy, 2001 | 1 | 39 | Symptomatic cholelithiasis | NR | Fever and pain | 9Â years | Abdominal wall abscess | Surgical excision |
Ok E Turkey, 2000 | 1 | NR | Symptomatic cholelithiasis | NR | Umbilical port site hernia | 3Â months | Incisional umbilical port site hernia | Surgical excision |
Bebawi, USA. 2000 | 1 | 56 | Chronic cholecystitis | Yes | Incidental finding | 2Â months | Gallstones in the hernial sac | Removed during hernia repair |
Total | 85 cases | 64(33–87) | Acute cases 26(31%) | 23 authors (27%) | Most prevalent Fever and pain | 36 months (1–180) | TA: 48(56.5%) IAA:31(36.5%) RPA: 8(9.4%) AWA: 9(10.6%) IF:10(11.8%) | Open procedure 61 (72%) Lap procedure: 13 (15%) US or CT drainage: 9(11%) 2 watch and see approach |