Articles

What is the treatment of tracheal lesions associated with traditional thyroidectomy? Case report and systematic review

The aim of this study is to review the literature focusing on various treatments based on time of tracheal injury and on different surgeons’ personal experience.

Authors: Nicola Tartaglia, Roberta Iadarola, Alessandra Di Lascia, Pasquale Cianci, Alberto Fersini and Antonio Ambrosi

Addition of lactic acid levels improves the accuracy of quick sequential organ failure assessment in predicting mortality in surgical patients with complicated intra-abdominal infections: a retrospective study

The quick sequential organ failure assessment (qSOFA) alone has a poor sensitivity for predicting mortality in patients with complicated intra-abdominal infections, and plasma lactate levels have been shown to...

Authors: Yun Tae Jung, Jiyeon Jeon, Jung Yun Park, Myung Jun Kim, Seung Hwan Lee and Jae Gil Lee

WSES worldwide emergency general surgery formation and evaluation project

Optimal management of emergency surgical patients represents one of the major health challenges worldwide. Emergency general surgery (EGS) was identified as multidisciplinary surgery performed for traumatic an...

Authors: Federico Coccolini, Yoram Kluger, Luca Ansaloni, Ernest E. Moore, Raul Coimbra, Gustavo P. Fraga, Andrew Kirkpatrick, Andrew Peitzman, Ron Maier, Gianluca Baiocchi, Vanni Agnoletti, Emiliano Gamberini, Ari Leppaniemi, Rao Ivatury, Michael Sugrue, Massimo Sartelli…

New Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS) adjustments for survival prediction

The objective of this study is to propose three new adjustments to the Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS) equation and compare their performances with the original TRISS as well as this index with coeffi...

Authors: Cristiane de Alencar Domingues, Raul Coimbra, Renato Sérgio Poggetti, Lilia de Souza Nogueira and Regina Marcia Cardoso de Sousa

Evaluation of capillary leakage after vasopressin resuscitation in a hemorrhagic shock model

Hemorrhagic shock (HS) is a major threat to patients with trauma and spontaneous bleeding. The aim of the study was to investigate early effects of vasopressin on metabolic and hemodynamic parameters and endot...

Authors: Roberto Bini, Osvaldo Chiara, Stefania Cimbanassi, Giorgio Olivero, Antonella Trombetta and Paolo Cotogni

Nonoperative management of appendiceal phlegmon or abscess in children less than 3 years of age

In children less than 3 years of age, there is little experience in the nonoperative management of appendiceal phlegmon or abscess (APA), especially in APA with an appendicolith. The purposes of this study wer...

Authors: Hailan Zhang, Yuzuo Bai and Weilin Wang

Advanced gallbladder inflammation is a risk factor for gallbladder perforation in patients with acute cholecystitis

Acute perforated cholecystitis (APC) is probably the most severe benign gallbladder pathology with high rates of morbidity and mortality. The cause of APC has not been fully understood. We postulated that APC ...

Authors: Stefan Jansen, Maciej Stodolski, Hubert Zirngibl, Daniel Gödde and Peter C. Ambe

Circulation first – the time has come to question the sequencing of care in the ABCs of trauma; an American Association for the Surgery of Trauma multicenter trial

The traditional sequence of trauma care: Airway, Breathing, Circulation (ABC) has been practiced for many years. It became the standard of care despite the lack of scientific evidence. We hypothesized that pat...

Authors: Paula Ferrada, Rachael A. Callcut, David J. Skarupa, Therese M. Duane, Alberto Garcia, Kenji Inaba, Desmond Khor, Vincent Anto, Jason Sperry, David Turay, Rachel M. Nygaard, Martin A. Schreiber, Toby Enniss, Michelle McNutt, Herb Phelan, Kira Smith…

The open abdomen in trauma and non-trauma patients: WSES guidelines

Damage control resuscitation may lead to postoperative intra-abdominal hypertension or abdominal compartment syndrome. These conditions may result in a vicious, self-perpetuating cycle leading to severe physio...

Authors: Federico Coccolini, Derek Roberts, Luca Ansaloni, Rao Ivatury, Emiliano Gamberini, Yoram Kluger, Ernest E. Moore, Raul Coimbra, Andrew W. Kirkpatrick, Bruno M. Pereira, Giulia Montori, Marco Ceresoli, Fikri M. Abu-Zidan, Massimo Sartelli, George Velmahos, Gustavo Pereira Fraga…

Raising concerns about the Sepsis-3 definitions

The Global Alliance for Infections in Surgery appreciates the great effort of the task force who derived and validated the Sepsis-3 definitions and considers the new definitions an important step forward in th...

Authors: Massimo Sartelli, Yoram Kluger, Luca Ansaloni, Timothy C. Hardcastle, Jordi Rello, Richard R. Watkins, Matteo Bassetti, Eleni Giamarellou, Federico Coccolini, Fikri M. Abu-Zidan, Abdulrashid K. Adesunkanmi, Goran Augustin, Gian L. Baiocchi, Miklosh Bala, Oussema Baraket, Marcelo A. Beltran…

2017 WSES guidelines for the management of iatrogenic colonoscopy perforation

Iatrogenic colonoscopy perforation (ICP) is a severe complication that can occur during both diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Although 45–60% of ICPs are diagnosed by the endoscopist while performing the...

Authors: Nicola de’Angelis, Salomone Di Saverio, Osvaldo Chiara, Massimo Sartelli, Aleix Martínez-Pérez, Franca Patrizi, Dieter G. Weber, Luca Ansaloni, Walter Biffl, Offir Ben-Ishay, Miklosh Bala, Francesco Brunetti, Federica Gaiani, Solafah Abdalla, Aurelien Amiot, Hany Bahouth…

Is case triaging a useful tool for emergency surgeries? A review of 106 trauma surgery cases at a level 1 trauma center in South Africa

The optimal timing for emergency surgical interventions and implementation of protocols for trauma surgery is insufficient in the literature. The Groote Schuur emergency surgery triage (GSEST) system, based on...

Authors: Sharfuddin Chowdhury, Andrew John Nicol, Mahammed Riyaad Moydien, Pradeep Harkison Navsaria and Luis Felipe Montoya-Pelaez

Pattern and nature of Neyshabur train explosion blast injuries

Explosions are classified as both man-made and complex accidents. Explosive events can cause serious damage to people, property, and the environment. This study aimed to investigate the pattern and nature of d...

Authors: Katayoun Jahangiri, Hasan Ghodsi, Ali Khodadadizadeh and Sadegh Yousef Nezhad

Casualties of peace: an analysis of casualties admitted to the intensive care unit during the negotiation of the comprehensive Colombian process of peace

After 52 years of war in 2012, the Colombian government began the negotiation of a process of peace, and by November 2012, a truce was agreed. We sought to analyze casualties who were admitted to the intensive...

Authors: Carlos A. Ordoñez, Ramiro Manzano-Nunez, Maria Paula Naranjo, Esteban Foianini, Cecibel Cevallos, Maria Alejandra Londoño, Alvaro I. Sanchez Ortiz, Alberto F. García and Ernest E. Moore

Establishing position papers by the WSES

A position paper (PP) should establish a unified voice in areas where controversy occurs based upon multiple practices and/or therapeutic choices. Typically, a position paper should elucidate the knowledge gap...

Authors: Miklosh Bala, Jeffry Kashuk, Ernest E. Moore, Fausto Catena, Ari Leppaniemi, Luca Ansaloni, Walter Biffl, Federico Coccolini, Andrew Peitzman, Massimo Sartelli, Michael Sugrue, Gustavo P. Fraga, Salomone Di Saverio and Yoram Kluger

Developing and validating of Ramathibodi Appendicitis Score (RAMA-AS) for diagnosis of appendicitis in suspected appendicitis patients

Diagnosis of appendicitis is still clinically challenging where resources are limited. The purpose of this study was to develop and externally validate Ramathibodi Appendicitis Score (RAMA-AS) in aiding diagno...

Authors: Chumpon Wilasrusmee, Boonying Siribumrungwong, Samart Phuwapraisirisan, Napaphat Poprom, Patarawan Woratanarat, Panuwat Lertsithichai, John Attia and Ammarin Thakkinstian

Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: a 5-year descriptive study from the National Trauma Center in Qatar

The epidemiologic characteristics and outcomes of pediatric traumatic brain injury (pTBI) have not been adequately documented from the rapidly developing countries in the Arab Middle East. We aimed to describe...

Authors: Ayman El-Menyar, Rafael Consunji, Hassan Al-Thani, Ahammed Mekkodathil, Gaby Jabbour and Khalid A. Alyafei

Proceedings of resources for optimal care of acute care and emergency surgery consensus summit Donegal Ireland

Opportunities to improve emergency surgery outcomes exist through guided better practice and reduced variability. Few attempts have been made to define optimal care in emergency surgery, and few clinically der...

Authors: M. Sugrue, R. Maier, E. E. Moore, M. Boermeester, F. Catena, F. Coccolini, A. Leppaniemi, A. Peitzman, G. Velmahos, L. Ansaloni, F. Abu-Zidan, P. Balfe, C. Bendinelli, W. Biffl, M. Bowyer, M. DeMoya…

The current management of acute uncomplicated appendicitis: should there be a change in paradigm? A systematic review of the literatures and analysis of treatment performance

Appendectomy has long been the mainstay of intervention for acute appendicitis, aiming at preventing perforation, peritonitis, abscess formation and recurrence. With better understanding of the disease process...

Authors: Samuel Ho Ting Poon, Jennifer Wah Yan Lee, Ka Man NG, Gloria Wing Yan Chiu, Brian Yung Kong Wong, Chi Chung Foo and Wai Lun Law

Pediatric falls from windows and balconies: incidents and risk factors as reported by newspapers in the United Arab Emirates

Falls of children from heights (balconies and windows) usually result in severe injuries and death. Details on child falls from heights in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) are not easily accessible. Our aim was ...

Authors: Michal Grivna, Hanan M. Al-Marzouqi, Maryam R. Al-Ali, Nada N. Al-Saadi and Fikri M. Abu-Zidan

A novel method for multiple bowel injuries: a pilot canine experiment

Intestinal ligation is the cornerstone for damage control in abdominal emergency, yet it may lead to bowel ischemia. Although intestinal ligation avoids further peritoneal cavity pollution, it may lead to an i...

Authors: Jun Ke, Weihang Wu, Nan Lin, Weijin Yang, Zhicong Cai, Wei Wu, Dongsheng Chen and Yu Wang

Thoracic trauma severity contributes to differences in intensive care therapy and mortality of severely injured patients: analysis based on the TraumaRegister DGU®

Thoracic trauma is a relevant source of comorbidity throughout multiply-injured patient care. We aim to determine a measurable influence of chest trauma’s severity on early resuscitation, intensive care therap...

Authors: Jörg Bayer, Rolf Lefering, Sylvia Reinhardt, Jan Kühle, Jörn Zwingmann, Norbert P. Südkamp and Thorsten Hammer

Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta in trauma: a systematic review of the literature

Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta has been a hot topic in trauma resuscitation during these last years. The aims of this systematic review are to analyze when, how, and where this techn...

Authors: Emiliano Gamberini, Federico Coccolini, Beatrice Tamagnini, Costanza Martino, Vittorio Albarello, Marco Benni, Marcello Bisulli, Nicola Fabbri, Tal Martin Hörer, Luca Ansaloni, Carlo Coniglio, Marco Barozzi and Vanni Agnoletti

Urine flow rate monitoring in hypovolemic multiple trauma patients

The urine output is an important clinical parameter of renal function and blood volume status, especially in critically ill multiple trauma patients. In the present study, the minute-to-minute urine flow rate ...

Authors: Evgeni Brotfain, Yoram Klein, Ronen Toledano, Leonid Koyfman, Dmitry Frank, Micha Y. Shamir and Moti Klein

Splenic trauma: WSES classification and guidelines for adult and pediatric patients

Spleen injuries are among the most frequent trauma-related injuries. At present, they are classified according to the anatomy of the injury. The optimal treatment strategy, however, should keep into considerat...

Authors: Federico Coccolini, Giulia Montori, Fausto Catena, Yoram Kluger, Walter Biffl, Ernest E. Moore, Viktor Reva, Camilla Bing, Miklosh Bala, Paola Fugazzola, Hany Bahouth, Ingo Marzi, George Velmahos, Rao Ivatury, Kjetil Soreide, Tal Horer…

The role of open abdomen in non-trauma patient: WSES Consensus Paper

The open abdomen (OA) is defined as intentional decision to leave the fascial edges of the abdomen un-approximated after laparotomy (laparostomy). The abdominal contents are potentially exposed and therefore m...

Authors: Federico Coccolini, Giulia Montori, Marco Ceresoli, Fausto Catena, Ernest E. Moore, Rao Ivatury, Walter Biffl, Andrew Peitzman, Raul Coimbra, Sandro Rizoli, Yoram Kluger, Fikri M. Abu-Zidan, Massimo Sartelli, Marc De Moya, George Velmahos, Gustavo Pereira Fraga…

Acute mesenteric ischemia: guidelines of the World Society of Emergency Surgery

Acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI) is typically defined as a group of diseases characterized by an interruption of the blood supply to varying portions of the small intestine, leading to ischemia and secondary in...

Authors: Miklosh Bala, Jeffry Kashuk, Ernest E. Moore, Yoram Kluger, Walter Biffl, Carlos Augusto Gomes, Offir Ben-Ishay, Chen Rubinstein, Zsolt J. Balogh, Ian Civil, Federico Coccolini, Ari Leppaniemi, Andrew Peitzman, Luca Ansaloni, Michael Sugrue, Massimo Sartelli…

2017 update of the WSES guidelines for emergency repair of complicated abdominal wall hernias

Emergency repair of complicated abdominal wall hernias may be associated with worsen outcome and a significant rate of postoperative complications. There is no consensus on management of complicated abdominal ...

Authors: Arianna Birindelli, Massimo Sartelli, Salomone Di Saverio, Federico Coccolini, Luca Ansaloni, Gabrielle H. van Ramshorst, Giampiero Campanelli, Vladimir Khokha, Ernest E. Moore, Andrew Peitzman, George Velmahos, Frederick Alan Moore, Ari Leppaniemi, Clay Cothren Burlew, Walter L. Biffl, Kaoru Koike…

Erratum to: The management of intra-abdominal infections from a global perspective: 2017 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections

Authors: M. Sartelli, A. Chichom-Mefire, F. M. Labricciosa, T. Hardcastle, F. M. Abu-Zidan, A. K. Adesunkanmi, L. Ansaloni, M. Bala, Z. J. Balogh, M. A. Beltrán, O. Ben-Ishay, W. L. Biffl, A. Birindelli, M. A. Cainzos, G. Catalini, M. Ceresoli…

Erratum to: Antimicrobials: a global alliance for optimizing their rational use in intra-abdominal infections (AGORA)

Authors: M. Sartelli, D. G. Weber, E. Ruppé, M. Bassetti, B. J. Wright, L. Ansaloni, F. Catena, F. Coccolini, F. M. Abu-Zidan, R. Coimbra, E. E. Moore, F. A. Moore, R. V. Maier, J. J. De Waele, A. W. Kirkpatrick, E. A. Griffiths…

The Global Alliance for Infections in Surgery: defining a model for antimicrobial stewardship—results from an international cross-sectional survey

Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs (ASPs) have been promoted to optimize antimicrobial usage and patient outcomes, and to reduce the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant organisms. However, the best strategies...

Authors: Massimo Sartelli, Francesco M. Labricciosa, Pamela Barbadoro, Leonardo Pagani, Luca Ansaloni, Adrian J. Brink, Jean Carlet, Ashish Khanna, Alain Chichom-Mefire, Federico Coccolini, Salomone Di Saverio, Addison K. May, Pierluigi Viale, Richard R. Watkins, Luigia Scudeller, Lilian M. Abbo…

Non-operative management for penetrating splenic trauma: how far can we go to save splenic function?

Selective non-operative management (NOM) for the treatment of blunt splenic trauma is safe. Currently, the feasibility of selective NOM for penetrating splenic injury (PSI) is unclear. Unfortunately, little is...

Authors: Roy Spijkerman, Michel Paul Johan Teuben, Fatima Hoosain, Liezel Phyllis Taylor, Timothy Craig Hardcastle, Taco Johan Blokhuis, Brian Leigh Warren and Luke Petrus Hendrikus Leenen

Delta neutrophil index as an early predictor of acute appendicitis and acute complicated appendicitis in adults

This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the ability of the delta neutrophil index (DNI) to predict histologically normal appendicitis preoperatively and to differentiate between simple and complicated appen...

Authors: Dong Hyuk Shin, Young Suk Cho, Gyu Chong Cho, Hee Cheol Ahn, Seung Min Park, Seung Wook Lim, Young Taeck Oh, Ji Woong Cho, Sang O. Park and Young Hwan Lee

Outcomes following repair of incarcerated and strangulated ventral hernias with or without synthetic mesh

The use of synthetic mesh for ventral hernia repair under contaminated conditions is a controversial issue due to the considerable risk of surgical site infection (SSI). This study aimed to review the outcomes...

Authors: Sameh Hany Emile, Hesham Elgendy, Ahmad Sakr, Waleed Ahmed Gado, Ahmed Aly Abdelmawla, Mahmoud Abdelnaby and Alaa Magdy

A meta-analysis of resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) or open aortic cross-clamping by resuscitative thoracotomy in non-compressible torso hemorrhage patients

The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the effect of REBOA, compared to resuscitative thoracotomy, on mortality and among non-compressible torso hemorrhage trauma patients.

Authors: Ramiro Manzano Nunez, Maria Paula Naranjo, Esteban Foianini, Paula Ferrada, Erika Rincon, Herney Andrés García-Perdomo, Paola Burbano, Juan Pablo Herrera, Alberto F. García and Carlos A. Ordoñez

The management of intra-abdominal infections from a global perspective: 2017 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections

Intra-abdominal infections (IAIs) are common surgical emergencies and have been reported as major contributors to non-trauma deaths in the emergency departments worldwide.

Authors: Massimo Sartelli, Alain Chichom-Mefire, Francesco M. Labricciosa, Timothy Hardcastle, Fikri M. Abu-Zidan, Abdulrashid K. Adesunkanmi, Luca Ansaloni, Miklosh Bala, Zsolt J. Balogh, Marcelo A. Beltrán, Offir Ben-Ishay, Walter L. Biffl, Arianna Birindelli, Miguel A. Cainzos, Gianbattista Catalini, Marco Ceresoli…

Low values of central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO₂) during surgery and anastomotic leak of abdominal trauma patients

There is a well known relationship between hypoperfusion and postoperative complications like anastomotic leak. No studies have been done addressing this relationship in the context of abdominal trauma surgery...

Authors: Andres Isaza-Restrepo, Jose F. Moreno-Mejia, Juan S. Martin-Saavedra and Milciades Ibañez-Pinilla

The use of laparoscopy in managing penetrating thoracoabdominal injuries in Africa: 83 cases reviewed

The use of laparoscopy in managing haemodynamically stable patients with penetrating thoracoabdominal injuries in developed countries is wildly practiced, but in Africa, the use of laparoscopy is still in its ...

Authors: Zach M. Koto, Fusi Mosai and Oleh Y. Matsevych

Penetrating cardiac trauma: analysis of 240 cases from a hospital in Bogota, Colombia

Trauma characteristics and its management is influenced by socioeconomic context. Cardiac trauma constitutes a challenge for surgeons, and outcomes depend on multiple factors including initial care, characteri...

Authors: Andres Isaza-Restrepo, Dínimo José Bolívar-Sáenz, Marcos Tarazona-Lara and José Rafael Tovar

Early recognition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus surgical site infections using risk and protective factors identified by a group of Italian surgeons through Delphi method

Surgical site infections (SSIs) constitute a major clinical problem in terms of morbidity, mortality, duration of hospital stay, and overall costs. The bacterial pathogens implicated most frequently are Streptoco...

Authors: G. Sganga, C. Tascini, E. Sozio and S. Colizza

The rate of success of the conservative management of liver trauma in a developing country

The conservative treatment of liver trauma has made important progress over the last 10 years at the Trauma University Hospital in Tirana, Albania. The percentage of success was 58.7%. The aims of this study w...

Authors: S. Buci, M. Torba, A. Gjata, I. Kajo, Gj. Bushi and K. Kagjini

Emergency surgery due to diaphragmatic hernia: case series and review

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a congenital abnormality, rare in adults with a frequency of 0.17–6%. Diaphragmatic rupture is an infrequent consequence of trauma, occurring in about 5% of severe clos...

Authors: Mario Testini, Antonia Girardi, Roberta Maria Isernia, Angela De Palma, Giovanni Catalano, Angela Pezzolla and Angela Gurrado

Management of intra-abdominal infections: recommendations by the WSES 2016 consensus conference

This paper reports on the consensus conference on the management of intra-abdominal infections (IAIs) which was held on July 23, 2016, in Dublin, Ireland, as a part of the annual World Society of Emergency Sur...

Authors: Massimo Sartelli, Fausto Catena, Fikri M. Abu-Zidan, Luca Ansaloni, Walter L. Biffl, Marja A. Boermeester, Marco Ceresoli, Osvaldo Chiara, Federico Coccolini, Jan J. De Waele, Salomone Di Saverio, Christian Eckmann, Gustavo P. Fraga, Maddalena Giannella, Massimo Girardis, Ewen A. Griffiths…

The impact of preoperative etiology on emergent pancreaticoduodenectomy for non-traumatic patients

Emergent pancreaticoduodenectomy is a life-saving procedure in certain clinical scenarios when all the conservative treatment fails. The indications can be limited into perforation and bleeding. To clarify the...

Authors: Chun-Yi Tsai, Bo-Ru Lai, Shang-Yu Wang, Chien-Hung Liao, Yu-Yin Liu, Shih-Ching Kang, Chun-Nan Yeh, Yi-Yin Jan and Ta-Sen Yeh

Acute care surgery: a means for providing cost-effective, quality care for gallstone pancreatitis

Modern practice guidelines recommend index cholecystectomy (IC) for patients admitted with gallstone pancreatitis (GSP). However, this benchmark has been difficult to widely achieve. Previous work has demonstr...

Authors: Patrick B. Murphy, Dave Paskar, Richard Hilsden, Jennifer Koichopolos and Tina S. Mele

Non-iatrogenic esophageal injury: a retrospective analysis from the National Trauma Data Bank

Traumatic, non-iatrogenic esophageal injuries, despite their rarity, are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The optimal management of these esophageal perforations remains largely debated. To...

Authors: Alberto Aiolfi, Kenji Inaba, Gustavo Recinos, Desmond Khor, Elizabeth R. Benjamin, Lydia Lam, Aaron Strumwasser, Emanuele Asti, Luigi Bonavina and Demetrios Demetriades

Role of intraoperative cholangiography for detecting residual stones after biliary pancreatitis: still useful? A retrospective study

Intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) may detect residual stones in the common bile duct (CBD) after acute biliary pancreatitis (ABP). The aim of the present study is to analyze the utility of IOC in detecting ...

Authors: Abdelrahman Abdelaal, Moamena El-Matbouly, Ibnouf Sulieman, Ahmad Elfaki, Tamer El-Bakary, Sherif Abdelaziem, Salahdin Gehani, Adriana Toro and Isidoro Di Carlo

Performance of new adjustments to the TRISS equation model in developed and developing countries

The Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS) has been criticized for being based on data from the USA and Canada—high-income countries—and therefore, it may not be applicable to low-income and middle-income co...

Authors: Cristiane de Alencar Domingues, Raul Coimbra, Renato Sérgio Poggetti, Lilia de Souza Nogueira and Regina Marcia Cardoso Sousa

Combined totally mini-invasive approach in necrotizing pancreatitis: a case report and systematic literature review

Currently, both the step-up approach, combining percutaneous drainage (PD) and video-assisted retroperitoneal debridement (VARD), and endoscopic transgastric necrosectomy (ETN) are mini-invasive techniques for...

Authors: Luca Sorrentino, Osvaldo Chiara, Massimiliano Mutignani, Fabrizio Sammartano, Paolo Brioschi and Stefania Cimbanassi

The history of risk: a review

In the USA alone, around 22 million patients annually discuss the need for surgical procedure with their surgeon. On a global scale, more than 200 million patients are exposed to the risk of undergoing a surgi...

Authors: Philip F. Stahel, Ivor S. Douglas, Todd F. VanderHeiden and Sebastian Weckbach