Table 1 More frequent pathogens according to the surgical procedure
Type of surgery | Likely Pathogens |
|---|---|
Placement of all grafts, prostheses, or implants | S. aureus, coagulase negative staphylococci |
Cardiac | S. aureus, coagulase negative staphylococci |
Neurosurgery | S. aureus, coagulase negative staphylococci |
Breast | S. aureus, coagulase negative staphylococci |
Ophthalmic (limited data, however, commonly used in procedures such as anterior segment resection, vitrectomy, and scleral buckles) | S. aureus, coagulase negative staphylococci, streptococci, gram-negative bacilli |
Orthopedic (Total joint replacement, closed fractured/use of nails, bone plates, other internal fixation device, functional repair without implant/device trauma) | S. aureus, coagulase negative staphylococci, gram-negative bacilli |
Non-cardiac thoracic (lobectomy, pneumonectomy, wedge resection, other non-cardiac mediastinal procedures) Closed tube thoracotomy | S. aureus, coagulase negative staphylococci, S. pneumoniae, gram-negative bacilli |
Vascular | S. aureus, coagulase negative staphylococci |
Appendectomy | Gram-negative bacilli, anaerobes |
Biliary tract | Gram-negative bacilli, anaerobes |
Colorectal | Gram-negative bacilli, anaerobes |
Gastroduodenal | Gram-negative bacilli, streptococci, oropharyngeal anaerobes (e.g. peptostreptococci) |
Head and neck (majorly procedures with incision through oropharyngeal mucosa) | S. aureus, streptococci, oropharyngeal anaerobes (e.g. peptostreptococci) |
Obstetric and gynecologic | Gram-negative bacilli, enterococci, group B streptococci, anaerobes |
Urologic | Gram-negative bacilli |