Table 3 Univariate analysis of risk factors for complications
Risk factor | One or more postoperative complications n = 67 (18.0%)a | Patients without complications n = 306 | OR (95% CI) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender: Male | 44 (23.3%) | 145 | 2.1 (1.2–3.7) | 0.007 |
Age in years, median (range) | 70 (30–92) | 61 (20–94) | NA | 0.001 |
Heart failure | 7 (29.2%) | 17 | 2.0 (0.8–5.0) | 0.139 |
Impaired renal function | 6 (54.5%) | 5 | 5.9 (1.8–20.0) | 0.006 |
Diabetes | 18 (26.5%) | 50 | 1.9 (1.0–3.5) | 0.043 |
Previous laparotomy on the upper abdomen | 8 (40.0%) | 12 | 3.3 (1.3–8.5) | 0.008 |
Previous laparotomy on the lower abdomenb | 16 (18.2%) | 72 | 1.0 (0.5–1.8) | 0.944 |
Previous laparoscopic surgery on the abdomenb | 2 (8.3%) | 22 | 0.4 (0.1–1.7) | 0.276 |
No previous surgeries | 43 (17.7%) | 200 | 1.0 (0.5–1.6) | 0.854 |
Duration of symptoms before admissionc | ||||
< 24 h | 18 (14.5%) | 106 | 0.8 (0.4–1.4) | 0.360 |
24 h – 48 h | 11 (22.9%) | 37 | 1.6 (0.7–3.3) | 0.235 |
48 h – 72 h | 10 (15.6%) | 54 | 0.9 (0.4–1.9) | 0.751 |
> 72 h | 18 (18.0%) | 82 | 1.1 (0.6–2.1) | 0.742 |
Hours from admission to surgery, median (range, interquartile range) | 26 (3–92, 16–43) | 29 (4–144, 20–48) | NA | 0.141 |
Duration from symptoms onset to surgeryc | ||||
< 24 h | 9 (16.1%) | 47 | 0.9 (0.4–2.0) | 0.845 |
24 h - 48 h | 9 (18.4%) | 40 | 1.1 (0.5–2.5) | 0.777 |
48 h - 72 h | 14 (18.7%) | 61 | 1.2 (0.6–2.3) | 0.656 |
> 72 h | 24 (15.5%) | 131 | 0.8 (0.5–1.5) | 0.575 |
Clinical findings | ||||
Pain in right upper quadrant | 65 (18.3%) | 290 | 1.8 (0.4–8.0) | 0.438 |
Guarding | 33 (20.6%) | 127 | 1.4 (0.8–2.3) | 0.246 |
Signs of generalized peritonitis | 0 | 2 | NA | 1.000 |
Palpable gallbladder | 4 (20.0%) | 16 | 1.2 (0.4–3.6) | 0.767 |
Preoperative laboratory data, median of the highest results (range, interquartile range)d | ||||
CRP (mg/l) | 209 (4–477, 114–303) | 131 (3–524, 62–232) | NA | <0.001 |
WBCC (109/l) | 14.4 (5.4–37.4, 10.8–18.5) | 12.7 (2.5–38, 10–16.5) | NA | 0.069 |
ALAT (U/l) | 31 (5–473, 18–74) | 28 (4–705, 18–51) | NA | 0.439 |
AFOS (U/l) | 91 (24–314, 68–118) | 79 (26–621, 61–113) | NA | 0.105 |
Bilirubin (μmol/l) | 19 (4–92, 11–25) | 14 (2–230, 9–24) | NA | 0.139 |
Radiographic findingse | ||||
Abscess | 0 | 1 | NA | 1.000 |
Free fluid | 7 (28.0%) | 18 | 1.9 (0.7–4.7) | 0.182 |
Thickened gallbladder wall | 61 (19.6%) | 250 | 2.2 (0.9–5.4) | 0.069 |
Surgical findings and procedures | ||||
Preoperative ERCP | 3 (17.6%) | 14 | 1.0 (0.3–3.5) | 1.000 |
Abscess | 5 (33.3%) | 10 | 2.4 (0.8–7.2) | 0.160 |
Perforated gallbladder | 9 (25.0%) | 27 | 1.6 (0.7–3.6) | 0.234 |
Gallbladder perforation during surgery | 38 (20.3%) | 149 | 1.4 (0.8–2.4) | 0.452 |
Gangrene of the gallbladder identified by surgeon | 31 (23.0%) | 104 | 1.7 (1.0–2.9) | 0.058 |
Removal of stones from the common bile duct | 0 | 0 | NA | NA |
Duration of surgery in minutes, median (range, interquartile range) | 110 (60–196, 83–138) | 98 (34–240, 74–123) | NA | 0.023 |
Lead surgeon specialist | 24 (19.0%) | 102 | 1.1 (0.6–1.9) | 0.697 |
Assistant presentf | 34 (19.2%) | 143 | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) | 0.540 |
Conversion | 25 (29.8%) | 59 | 2.5 (1.4–4.4) | 0.001 |