Table 2 Clinical study characteristics
Author | Patients (n) | Diagnosis of leakage | General treatment | Investigational treatment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Intrathoracic | ||||
 Griffin 2001 [18] | 13 | Contrast/endoscopy | Antibiotics, nil by mouth, enteral feeding tube, gastric, mediastinal, and thoracic drainage | Conservative treatment |
 Holscher 2003 [19] | 6 | Contrast/endoscopy/CT | Gastric drainage | Surgery |
 Hunerbein 2004 [21] | 9 | Contrast/endoscopy | Antibiotics, thoracic drainage | Stent (plastic) |
 Kauer 2008 [23] | 10 | Contrast/endoscopy | Mediastinal drainage | Stent (SEMS) |
 Tuebergen 2008 [31] | 18 | Contrast/endoscopy | Antibiotics, nil by mouth, enteral feeding tube, gastric, mediastinal, and thoracic drainage | Stent (SEMS) |
 Qin 2010 [29] | 5 | Contrast | Antibiotics, nil by mouth, enteral feeding tube, gastric, mediastinal, and thoracic drainage | Conservative treatment |
 Hu 2011 [20] | 23 | Contrast/CT | Antibiotics, nil by mouth, enteral feeding tube, thoracic drainage | Endoscopic drainage |
 Hu 2011 [20] | 17 | Contrast/CT | Antibiotics, nil by mouth, enteral feeding tube, gastric and thoracic drainage | Conservative treatment |
 Jiang 2011 [22] | 7 | Contrast | Nil by mouth, enteral feeding tube, gastric and thoracic drainage | Conservative treatment |
 Jiang 2011 [22] | 25 | Contrast | Nil by mouth, enteral feeding tube, thoracic drainage | Endoscopic drainage |
 Yin 2012 [33] | 28 | Contrast/CT | Nil by mouth, enteral feeding tube, gastric drainage | Endoscopic drainage |
 Al-Issa 2014 [15] | 15 | Endoscopy/CT | Antibiotics, nil by mouth, enteral feeding tube, thoracic drainage | Stent (SEMS) |
 Bludau 2014 [17] | 5 | Contrast/endoscopy/CT | NA | Endoscopic VAC |
 Shuto 2017 [30] | 19 | Contrast/endoscopy/CT | Antibiotics, nil by mouth, enteral feeding tube, gastric, mediastinal, and thoracic drainage | Endoscopic drainage |
Cervical | ||||
 Orringer 1986 [28] | 5 | NA | Nil by mouth, enteral feeding tube, gastric drainage, wound drainage | Endoscopic dilatation |
 Bhasin 2000 [16] | 8 | Contrast | Nil by mouth, enteral feeding tube, wound drainage | Endoscopic dilatation |
 Korst 2005 [24] | 13 | Contrast/endoscopy/CT | Antibiotics, wound drainage | Conservative treatment |
 Lindeman 2008 [27] | 6 | NA | Nil by mouth, wound drainage | Stent (SEMS) |
 Larburu 2013 [25] | 9 | Contrast/endoscopy/CT | NA | Stent (SEMS) |
 Leenders 2013 [26] | 9 | NA | Wound drainage or percutaneous drainage | Stent (SEMS) |
 Van Rossum 2017 [32] | 23 | Contrast/endoscopy/CT | Nil by mouth, enteral feeding tube, gastric drainage, wound drainage | Conservative treatment |