Table 1 Characteristics of blunt or non-thoracic, penetrating trauma patients undergoing zone 1 aortic occlusion via resuscitative thoracotomy versus resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA)

Age

40 [27–63]

37 [22–45]

58 [31–68]

0.064

Female

6 (23%)

2 (15%)

4 (31%)

0.645

Injury severity score

26 [22–37]

26 [23–31]

26 [20–38]

0.877

Head-abbreviated injury score

2 [0–3]

2 [0–3]

2 [0–3]

0.831

Blunt injury

19 (73%)

9 (69%)

10 (77%)

 > 0.999

Non-thoracic, penetrating injury

7 (27%)

4 (31%)

3 (23%)

 > 0.999

Pre-hospital traumatic arrest

6 (23%)

5 (38%)

1 (8%)

0.160

  Received pre-hospital CPR

5 (19%)

4 (31%)

1 (8%)

0.322

Duration of CPR (min)

10 [3–15]

10 [3–12]

3

–

Interval: injury to arrival (min)

45 [30–60]

47 [33–55]

34 [30–72]

0.537

Glasgow Coma Scale on arrival

3 [3–3]

3 [3–3]

3 [3–15]

0.015

  Best eye-opening response

1 [1–1]

1 [1–1]

1 [1–4]

0.015

  Best verbal response

1 [1–1]

1 [1–1]

1 [1–5]

0.015

  Best motor response

1 [1–1]

1 [1–1]

1 [1–6]

0.015

SBP on arrival (mmHg)

70 [0–84]

0 [0–75]

76 [65–99]

0.009

Temperature (Celsius)

35.1 [34.4–35.9]

35.0 [33.2–35.9]

35.3 [34.9–36.0]

0.199

FAST performed

23 (88%)

10 (77%)

13 (100%)

0.220

  FAST negative

7 (27%)

4 (31%)

3 (23%)

 > 0.999

  FAST equivocal

3 (12%)

2 (15%)

1 (8%)

 > 0.999

  FAST positive

13 (50%)

4 (31%)

9 (69%)

0.115

pH

7.15 [7.06–7.25]

7.08 [6.99–7.16]

7.19 [7.11–7.29]

0.067

Lactic acid (mmol/L)

7.4 [3.7–10.0]

8.2 [5.0–13.9]

4.0 [3.2–9.5]

0.056

Hemoglobin (g/dL)

10.2 [8.9–11.9]

9.4 [7.5–10.7]

10.5 [9.0–12.5]

0.192

International normalized ratio

1.3 [1.2–1.7]

1.4 [1.2–2.8]

1.3 [1.2–1.5]

0.755

Had a rapid TEG

12 (46%)

5 (38%)

7 (54%)

0.695

  Activating clotting time (sec)

117 [105–146]

128 [113–207]

105 [97–121]

0.086

  Alpha angle (degrees)

66.0 [45.0–69.6]

60.2 [32.6–66.0]

69.1 [46.9–75.3]

0.061

  K time (min)

2.7 [1.8–4.7]

2.7 [2.3–5.6]

2.7 [1.8–4.7]

0.776

  Maximum amplitude (mm)

50.4 [41.6–55.0]

44.1 [26.0–54.5]

53.3 [42.7–56.1]

0.372

  Estimated percent lysis

0.1 [0.0–1.4]

1.2 [0.3–91.6]

0.0 [0.0–0.1]

0.076

Had a regular TEG

16 (62%)

6 (46%)

10 (77%)

0.226

  Reaction time (min)

4.5 [3.4–6.9]

6.2 [3.1–9.2]

3.9 [3.2–5.2]

0.247

  Alpha angle (degrees)

53.9 [44.0–71.5]

56.2 [26.5–72.8]

53.9 [45.9–71.0]

0.920

  K time (min)

3.0 [1.3–4.9]

2.1 [1.3–5.2]

3.3 [1.3–5.2]

0.609

  Maximum amplitude (mm)

51.4 [40.4–60.2]

52.0 [34.4–61.3]

51.4 [40.6–60.9]

0.688