Table 1 Intraoperative and postoperative protocols description among studies on emergency general surgery

Burchart 2021

Prospective observational study

Major abdominal surgery

227

n/d

n/d

Dexamethasone 16 mg + ondansetron 4 mg

Active warming (core temperature > 36 °C)

MAP guided fluid therapy (MAP > 65 mmHg)

TIVA + epidural or TAP block

TOF

n/d

Ceresoli 2023

Prospective observational study

Gastrointestinal surgery

589

n/d

N/A

Desamethasone 4 mg

Active warming with warm air

MAP guided fluid therapy (MAP > 65 mmHg)

Epidural or TAP block

TOF

Described

Chndan 2021

RCT

Perforated peptic ulcer

42/43

n/d

n/d

n/d

n/d

n/d

n/d

n/d

n/d

Gonenc 2013

RCT

Perforated peptic ulcer

26/21

n/d

n/d

Indicated but n/d

n/d

n/d

n/d

n/d

n/d

Lohsiriwat 2014

Observational case–control study

Obtructive colorectal

20/40

Preoperative counselling

n/d

Indicated but n/d

Active warming with warm air

n/d

Trocar site infiltration with bupiivacaine

n/d

n/d

Lohsiriwat 2019

Retrospective observational study

Colorectal

46/14

Preoperative counselling

n/d

Indicated but n/d

Active warming with warm air

Near zero balance

Balanced opioid sparing

n/d

n/d

Masood 2021

RCT

Perforated duodenal ulcer

16/18

n/d

n/d

n/d

n/d

n/d

n/d

n/d

n/d

Mohsina 2018

RCT

Perforated peptic ulcer

49/50

n/d

Cristalloids

n/d

n/d

n/d

Epidural anesthesia

n/d

n/d

Moller 2011

Prospective observational study

Perforated peptic ulcer

117

n/d

Early goal-directed managment

n/d

Active warming with warm air

Goal-directed fluid administration

n/d

n/d

n/d

Nechai 2021

RCT

Cholecystitis

88/101

Preoperative counselling

n/d

Metoclopramide 10 mg at the end of surgery

n/d

n/d

Trocar site infiltration with bupivacaine

n/d

n/d

Pranavi 2022

RCT

Perforation peritonitis

49/61

n/d

n/d

Dexamethasone 4 mg p

n/d

Modified GDFT based on CVP

Epidural anesthesia

n/d

n/d

Pthrikar 2023

RCT

Perforated duodenal ulcer

19/22

n/d

n/d

n/d

n/d

n/d

Epidural analgesia

n/d

n/d

Purushotham 2021

RCT

Trauma laparotomy

30/30

Preoperative counselling

n/d

n/d

Active warming with warm air

n/d

Epidural anesthesia

n/d

n/d

Roulin 2014

retrospective case control study

Colorectal

28/63

preoperative counselling

n/d

Indicated but n/d

Active warming with warm air

n/d

Epidural anesthesia

n/d

n/d

Ruiz-Tovar 2021

Prospective observational

Acute Appendicitis

850

n/d

n/d

Indicated but n/d

Active warming

Goal-directed fluid administration

Trocar site infiltration with ropivacaine

n/d

n/d

Saurabh 2020

RCT

Small bowel surgery

35/35

n/d

n/d

Desamethasone 4 mg

n/d

Goal-directed fluid administration (CVP guided)

Epidural analgesia

n/d

n/d

Shang 2018

Observational case–control study

Obtructive colorectal

318/318

Preoperative counselling

n/d

5-HT3 receptor antagonist + dexamethasone + haloperidol

Active warming with warm air

GDFT

n/d

n/d

n/d

Sharma 2021

RCT

Gastrointestinal surgery

50/50

Preoperative counselling

According to CVP

Indicated but n/d

Active warming

Restricted fluid strict fluid management

Neuroaxial anesthesia

n/d

n/d

Tengberg 2017

Prospective observational study

High-risk abdominal surgery

600/600

n/d

Stroke volume-guided

n/d

n/d

Stroke-volume-guided fluid therapy

TIVA + epidural

n/d

n/d

Wisely 2016

Retrospective case control study

Major abdominal surgery

169/201

n/d

n/d

n/d

n/d

n/d

n/d

n/d

n/d