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Table 1 Patient characteristics based on initial lactate levels

From: Association of initial lactate levels and red blood cell transfusion strategy with outcomes after severe trauma: a post hoc analysis of the RESTRIC trial

 

Low lactate (n = 131)

Middle lactate (n = 113)

High lactate (n = 152)

Restrictive (n = 67)

Liberal (n = 64)

p value

Restrictive (n = 65)

Liberal (n = 48)

p value

Restrictive (n = 71)

Liberal (n = 81)

p value

Age, median (IQR), y

66 (45–76)

63 (41–76)

0.85

64 (44–78)

62 (51–75)

0.65

53 (44–67)

51 (39–67)

0.33

Male sex, n (%)

45 (67)

36 (56)

0.20

41 (63)

35 (73)

0.27

51 (72)

58 (72)

0.98

Comorbidities, n (%)

Chronic heart failure

2 (3)

2 (3)

0.96

2 (3)

0

0.22

0

0

N/A

Chronic respiratory failure

0

3 (5)

0.07

0

0

N/A

0

0

N/A

Chronic renal failure

1 (1)

0

0.33

0

0

N/A

0

1 (1)

0.41

Chronic liver failure

0

0

N/A

0

0

N/A

2 (3)

0

0.21

Immunosuppression

0

2 (3)

0.22

1 (2)

0

0.39

0

0

N/A

Types of injury, n (%)

  

0.31

  

0.86

  

0.73

Blunt

63 (94)

57 (89)

 

59 (91)

42 (88)

 

59 (83)

69 (85)

 

Penetrating

4 (6)

7 (11)

 

5 (8)

5 (10)

 

12 (17)

12 (15)

 

Blunt + penetrating

0 (0)

0 (0)

 

1 (2)

1 (2)

 

0

0

 

Physiologic status on arrival at emergency department

Respiratory rate, median (IQR), min

22 (18–24)

22 (18–27)

0.67

24 (19–30)

24 (18–30)

0.79

24 (20–30)

24 (20–30)

0.70

Heart rate, median (IQR), min

87 (74–107)

85 (75–96)

0.49

95 (78–120)

92 (75–105)

0.47

109 (86–130)

112 (85–131)

0.52

Systolic blood pressure, median (IQR), mmHg

124 (94–157)

122 (93–141)

0.51

106 (88–129)

112 (93–130)

0.61

85 (55–113)

96 (73–127)

0.07

Glasgow Coma Scale, median (IQR)

14 (13–15)

13 (12–15)

0.05

13 (11–15)

13 (8–14)

0.51

11 (6–14)

13 (7–14)

0.27

Injury severity score, median (IQR)

19 (13–26)

22 (14–27)

0.42

25 (14–36)

25 (15–32)

0.63

26 (16–41)

27 (17–35)

0.51

Severe traumatic brain injury, n (%)a

10 (15)

12 (19)

0.56

15 (23)

12 (25)

0.81

16 (23)

12 (15)

0.22

Laboratory results on arrival at emergency department

Platelet, median (IQR),  × 104/μL

21.6 (18.3–25.3)

23.9 (17.4–28.3)

0.27

22.9 (18.3–28.9)

21.9 (18.7–25.1)

0.20

21.1 (15.9–25.1)

23.8 (18.4–28.6)

0.01

PT-INR, median (IQR)

1.02 (0.99–1.07)

1.04 (0.97–1.13)

0.82

1.09 (1.00–1.20)

1.04 (0.97–1.13)

0.10

1.14 (1.08–1.26)

1.12 (1.05–1.24)

0.49

Fibrinogen, median (IQR), mg/dL

236 (202–280)

234 (188–291)

0.88

221 (178–273)

204 (178–246)

0.16

185 (147–221)

185 (146–238)

0.56

Hemoglobin, median (IQR), mg/dL

13.0 (11.6–14.2)

12.3 (10.1–13.6)

0.03

11.8 (11.2–13.5)

12.7 (10.9–13.5)

0.74

11.9 (10.1–13.9)

11.6 (10.8–13.2)

0.80

Lactate, median (IQR), mmol/L

1.8 (1.4–2.2)

1.8 (1.4–2.1)

0.56

3.1 (2.8–3.5)

3.1 (2.8–3.4)

0.76

6.4 (4.7–8.5)

5.4 (4.7–8.3)

0.37

Major hemostatic interventions, n (%)b

23 (34)

35 (55)

0.02

37 (57)

30 (63)

0.55

48 (68)

63 (78)

0.16

Head

3 (4)

2 (3)

0.69

2 (3)

0

0.22

3 (4)

4 (5)

0.83

Chest

0

5 (8)

0.02

1 (2)

5 (10)

0.04

4 (6)

8 (10)

0.33

Abdomen

10 (15)

10 (16)

0.91

18 (28)

15 (31)

0.68

25 (35)

30 (37)

0.82

Pelvic fracture

5 (7)

15 (23)

0.01

13 (20)

5 (10)

0.17

10 (14)

16 (20)

0.35

Retroperitoneal hemorrhage

1 (1)

5 (8)

0.08

3 (5)

4 (8)

0.42

3 (4)

4 (5)

0.83

Extremities/neck

5 (7)

2 (3)

0.27

7 (11)

5 (10)

0.95

6 (8)

9 (11)

0.58

Others

0

0

N/A

1 (2)

1 (2)

0.83

4 (6)

3 (4)

0.57

  1. aDefined as Abbreviated Injury Scale for the head of 4 or 5
  2. bIncludes interventions performed during the first 6 h after emergency department arrival
  3. IQR interquartile range, PT-INR prothrombin time/international normalized ratio
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World Journal of Emergency Surgery

ISSN: 1749-7922