Department of Surgery, Macerata Hospital, Macerata, Italy
Massimo Sartelli
Global Alliance for Infections in Surgery, Macerata, Italy
Francesco M. Labricciosa
General, Emergency and Trauma Surgery Department, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
Federico Coccolini, Massimo Chiarugi, Enrico Cicuttin & Dario Tartaglia
Comparative Effectiveness and Clinical Outcomes Research Center, Riverside University Health System Medical Center, Riverside, USA
Raul Coimbra
Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
Fikri M. Abu-Zidan
Department of Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
Luca Ansaloni
Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, USA
Majdi N. Al-Hasan
Department of Microbiology, Chitwan Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal
Shamshul Ansari
Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
Philip S. Barie
Department of Surgery, University Hospital, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Miguel Angel Caínzos
Department of General and Emergency Surgery, Milano-Bicocca University, School of Medicine and Surgery, Milan, Italy
Marco Ceresoli
MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
Jeffrey A. Claridge
Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
Evan Patchen Dellinger
Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
Donald E. Fry
Surgical Endocrine Head and Neck Unit, Department of General Surgery, Parc Tauli, Hospital Universitari, Sabadell, Spain
Xavier Guirao
Trauma and Burn Service, Department of Surgery, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
Timothy Craig Hardcastle
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
Andreas Hecker & Martin Reichert
Abdominal Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Ari K. Leppäniemi
Department of Surgical Disciplines, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Regional Clinic Hospital, Kaliningrad, Russia
Andrey Litvin
Department of Surgery, BDS Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, India
Sanjay Marwah
Surgical Critical Care, Department of Anesthesia, Hospital Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
Emilio Maseda
Department of Surgery, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, USA
John E. Mazuski
Research and Innovation Center, King Saud Medical City, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Ziad Ahmed Memish
General, Acute Care, Abdominal Wall Reconstruction, and Trauma Surgery, Foothills Medical Centre, Calgary, Canada
Andrew W. Kirkpatrick
Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, Bolzano Central Hospital, Bolzano, Italy
Leonardo Pagani
Department of Emergency Surgery, Cagliari University Hospital “D. Casula”, AOU Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
Mauro Podda
Department of Surgery, Anadolu Medical Center, Kocaeli, Turkey
Huseyin Kemal Rasa
General Surgery, UMHAT St George Plovdiv, RIMU/Research Institute at Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Boris E. Sakakushev
Department of Surgery, Homer Stryker, M.D., School of Medicine, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, USA
Robert G. Sawyer
Infectious Diseases Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Fabio Tumietto
State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
Yonghong Xiao
Department of Surgery, Zliten Medical Center, Zliten, Libya
Wedad Faraj Aboubreeg
Department of Surgery, University of Zinder, Zinder, Niger
Harissou Adamou & Ibrahim Amadou Magagi
Department of Surgery, TSMU First University Clinic, Tbilisi, Georgia
Lali Akhmeteli
Department of Surgery, Sakarya University Educational and Research Hospital, Sakarya, Turkey
Emrah Akin
Department of Surgery, Circolo Hospital and Macchi Foundation, Varese, Italy
Maria Grazia Alberio
Department of Surgery and Transplantation, Virgen de La Arrixaca University Hospital, El Palmar, Spain
Felipe Alconchel
Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Santo Tomás, Panama City, Panama
Ana Belén Araúz
Emergency Surgery Unit, AOU San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
Giulio Argenio
Department of Surgery, UMHAT Eurohospital Plovdiv, RIMU/Research Institute at Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Boyko C. Atanasov
Department of Surgery, University of Health Sciences Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
Semra Demirli Atici
Department of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Mansoura University Hospital, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
Selmy Sabry Awad
Second Department of Surgery, IASO General Hospital, Athens, Greece
Efstratia Baili
Department of Surgery, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
Lovenish Bains
Department of Surgery, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
Miklosh Bala
Department of Surgery, Department of Surgery, Bizerte Hospital, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
Oussama Baraket
Department of Surgery, Dirghayu Pokhara Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal
Suman Baral
Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Privolzhskiy District Medical Center, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
Vladislav A. Belskii
HAIs Control Committee, HASSAN II University Hospital Fez, Fez, Morocco
Moussa Benboubker
Department of Surgery, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
Offir Ben-Ishay
Department of Surgery, ASST Valtellina e Alto Lario, Sondrio Hospital, Sondrio, Italy
Pierpaolo Bordoni, Guglielmo Clarizia & Francesco Fleres
Clinique Mutualiste de La Porte de L’Orient, Lorient, France
Abdalia Boumédiène
Medical and Surgical Sciences Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
Giuseppe Brisinda & Pietro Fransvea
Medical Directorate, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova Hospital, Local Health Authority-IRCSS of Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
Laura Cavazzuti
Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
Sujith J. Chandy
Department of Surgery, Ospedale San Giovanni di Dio, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale, Crotone, Italy
Maria Michela Chiarello
Department of Surgery, PO Santissima Trinità ASSL Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
Nicola Cillara
Faculty of Medicine, University Transilvania of Brasov, Brasov, Romania
Maria-Elena Cocuz
Pathophysiology Department, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, George Emil Palade of Targu Mures, Targu Mures, Romania
Iuliu Gabriel Cocuz
Department of Surgery, Ospedale G. Da Saliceto, AUSL Piacenza, Piacenza, Italy
Luigi Conti
Unit of Microbiology, Betania Hospital, Naples, Italy
Raffaella Coppola
Department of Surgery, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Nankai Clinical School of Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
Yunfeng Cui
Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakaw, Poland
Jacek Czepiel
Department of Surgery, Forlì Morgagni-Pierantoni Hospital, AUSL Romagna, Forlì, Italy
Fabrizio D’Acapito
Department of Surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Dimitrios Damaskos
Department of Surgery, University of Health Sciences, Adana City Training and Research Hospital, Adana, Turkey
Koray Das
Emergency and Metabolic Minimally Invasive Surgery, Poissy-Saint-Germain-en-Laye Hospital, Yvelines, France
Belinda De Simone
Department of Surgery, University Clinical Center Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Samir Delibegovic
Department of Surgery, Kipshidze Central University Hospital, Tbilisi, Georgia
Zaza Demetrashvili
Department of Surgery, General Hospital Novi Pazar, Novi Pazar, Serbia
Dzemail S. Detanac
Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hajipur, Bihar, India
Sameer Dhingra
Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Trieste University, Trieste, Italy
Stefano Di Bella
Department of Surgical Diseases, University Hospital “Prof. Dr. Stoyan Kirkovich”, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
Evgeni N. Dimitrov
Department of Surgery, University of Medicine of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
Agron Dogjani
Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Cardiovascular Department, University Hospital of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
Mario D’Oria
Clinical Infectious Diseases Hospital, Ovidius University, Constanta, Romania
Irina Magdalena Dumitru
Epidemiology Unit, National Public Health Laboratory, Khartoum, Sudan
Mutasim M. Elmangory
Department of Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Octavian Enciu & Elena Adelina Toma
Dipartimento Di Scienze Di Laboratorio E Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
Massimo Fantoni
Cardiac Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 2, Emergency Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, Bucharest, Romania
Daniela Filipescu
Department of Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliera Marche Nord, Pesaro, Italy
Domitilla Foghetti
Department of Abdominal Surgery, Vladimir City Emergency Hospital, Vladimir, Russia
Mahir Gachabayov
Critical Care Unit, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario, La Coruna, Spain
Rita Galeiras
Department of Infectious Diseases, Carlo Poma” Hospital ASST, Mantova, Italy
Gianni Gattuso
Department of Surgery, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt
Wagih M. Ghannam
Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital and ASL Città di Torino, Turin, Italy
Valeria Ghisetti
Department of Surgery, Aso Santa Croce e Carle, Cuneo, Italy
Giorgio Giraudo & Diego Sasia
Department of Surgery, Madda Walabu University Goba Referral Hospital, Bala-Robe, Ethiopia
Kebebe Bekele Gonfa
Department of Surgery, Sakarya University, Adapazarı, Turkey
Emre Gonullu
Department of Surgery, East Surrey Hospital, Redhill, UK
Yousif Tag Elsir Y. Hamad
Medical Clinic II, University Hospital Giessen, Glessen, Germany
Matthias Hecker
Department of Surgery, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
Arda Isik
Trauma and Orthopaedics, Stoke Mandeville Hospital, Aylesbury, UK
Nizar Ismail
Trauma and Orthopaedics Woodend Hospital, Aberdeen, UK
Azzain Ismail
Department of Surgery, SMS Medical College and Hospital, Adarsh, India
Sumita Agarwal Jain
Infectious Diseases Division, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
Souha S. Kanj
Department of Microbiology, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal, India
Garima Kapoor
1St Department of Internal Medicine-Infectious Diseases, Hygeia Hospital, Marousi, Greece
Ilias Karaiskos
Department of Surgery, Jubilee Mission Medical College and RI, Thrissur, India
Alfie J. Kavalakat
Department of General Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
Jakub Kenig
Infectious Diseases and Internal Medicine Department, Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman
Faryal Khamis
Department of Emergency Surgery, City Hospital, Mozyr, Belarus
Vladimir Khokha
Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
Ronald Kiguba
Department of Surgery, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, South Korea
Jae Il Kim
Department of Surgery, Chiba Emergency Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
Yoshiro Kobe
Discipline of Medicine, Pengiran Anak Puteri Rashidah Sa’adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Brunei Darussalam University, Darussalam, Brunei
Kenneth Yuh Yen Kok
Department of Surgery, UMC Zvezdara, Belgrade, Serbia
Bojan M. Kovacevic
Surgery No. 2 Unit, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine
Igor Andreevich Kryvoruchko
Emergency and Critical Care Center, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Kurashiki, Japan
Akira Kuriyama
Department of Surgery, Urduliz-Alfredo Espinosa Hospital, Urduliz, Spain
Aitor Landaluce-Olavarria
Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
Konstantinos Lasithiotakis
Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
Varut Lohsiriwat
1St Department of Surgery, Kavala General Hospital, Kavala, Greece
Eftychios Lostoridis
Department of Surgery, ASMN IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
Davide Luppi & Gabriela Elisa Nita
General Surgery, Universidad Nacional de Asunción-Facultad de Ciencias Medicas, Hospital de Clínicas, Asuncion, Paraguay
Gustavo Miguel Machain Vega
Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, Cologne-Merheim Medical Center (CMMC), University Witten/Herdecke, Cologne, Germany
Marc Maegele
Third Department of Surgery, Tzaneio General Hospital, Piraeus, Greece
Athanasios Marinis
Department of Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico, Bari, Italy
Gennaro Martines
Department of General and Digestive Surgery, Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain
Aleix Martínez-Pérez
Acute Care Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice University Hospital, Nice, France
Damien Massalou
Department of Surgery, Emergency County Hospital of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
Cristian Mesina
Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
Gökhan Metan
Infectious Diseases Department, Paediatric Hospital, Analysis and Synthesis Research Unit, Social Security Mexican Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
María Guadalupe Miranda-Novales
Clinical Microbiology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
Shyam Kumar Mishra
Plastic Surgery, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK
Mohaned Ibrahim Hussein Mohamed
Department of Surgery, Sandwell and West, Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Lyndon, UK
Ali Yasen Y. Mohamedahmed
Department of Surgery, Hospital General La Mancha Centro, Alcazar de San Juan, Spain
Ismael Mora-Guzmán
Department of Surgery, General University Hospital of Patras, Rio, Greece
Francesk Mulita
Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T Popa, Iasi, Romania
Ana-Maria Musina
Trauma Centre, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Pradeep H. Navsaria
Department of Surgery, Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Ionut Negoi
Department of Surgery, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
Donal B. O’Connor
Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Fundacion Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia
Carlos Alberto Ordoñez
Emergency Surgery Department, AOU Careggi-Università di Firenze, Florence, Italy
Desiré Pantalone
IVth Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
Arpád Panyko
Surgical Department, General Hospital of Nikaia, Nikaia, Greece
Aristeidis Papadopoulos
Surgical Department, Dr. Sulaiman Al Habib Hospital, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Nikolaos Pararas
Department of Surgery, Nicola Giannettasio Hospital, Corigliano-Rossano, Italy
Francesco Pata
Department of Surgery, Baroda Medical College, Vadodara, India
Tapan Patel
Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
Gianluca Pellino
Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
Teresa Perra & Alberto Porcu
Department of Emergency Surgery, Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy
Gennaro Perrone & Antonio Tarasconi
Department of Surgery, Azienda USL of Ferrara-University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
Antonio Pesce
Abdominal Surgery Department, UMC Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Tadeja Pintar
Department of Surgery, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
Georgi Ivanov Popivanov
Department of Surgery, Hospital Santo Tomás, Panama City, Panama
Martha Alexa Quiodettis
Department of Surgery, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai, Malaysia
Razrim Rahim
Unit of Pediatric Surgery, Bangladesh Shishu Hospital and Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Ashrarur Rahman Mitul
Department for General and Abdominal Surgery, General Hospital Jesenice, Jesenice, Slovenia
Miran Rems
Department of Microbiology, University Hospital of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
Glendee Yolande Reynolds Campbell
Centro Hospitalar E Universitário São João, Porto, Portugal
Nuno Rocha-Pereira
Department of Surgery, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Gabriel Rodrigues
Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Medellín, Colombia
Gustavo Eduardo Roncancio Villamil
Research Group on Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Diseases, Clínica Cardio VID, Medellín, Colombia
Gustavo Eduardo Roncancio Villamil
Emergency Surgery Department, San Filippo Neri Hospital, Rome, Italy
Stefano Rossi
Department of Surgery, Military Teaching Hospital, Hôpital Principal de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
Ibrahima Sall
Drug Applied Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Hossein Samadi Kafil
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania
Jeremiah Seni
Department of Surgery, George Eliot Hospital NHS Trust, Nuneaton, UK
Charalampos Seretis
Department of Surgery, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain
Mario Serradilla-Martín
Department of Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Novena, Singapore
Vishal G. Shelat
Department of Surgery, Thammasat University Hospital, Khlong Luang, Thailand
Boonying Siribumrungwong
Department of Surgery, University Hospital Eurohospital, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Mihail Slavchev
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Forlì, Italy
Leonardo Solaini
Infection Prevention and Control Unit, Centre des Massues, French Red Cross, Lyon, France
Boun Kim Tan
Department of Surgery, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia
Gia Tomadze
Department of General Surgery, E. Muscatello Augusta Hospital, Augusta, Italy
Adriana Toro
Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone
Department of Surgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Harry van Goor
Department of Surgery, St. Spiridon University Hospital “Grigore T Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
Alin Vasilescu
Department of Surgery, Medical Center University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
Andras Vereczkei
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Massimiliano Veroux & Isidoro Di Carlo
Coordinación de Cirugía, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
Sergio Alberto Weckmann
Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
Lukas Werner Widmer
Department of Surgery, Zliten Medical Center, Zilten, Libya
AliIbrahim Yahya
Department of Surgery, Kerala Institute of Medical Sciences, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
Sanoop K. Zachariah
Department of Surgery, School of Medical Sciences and University Hospital Sains Malaysia, Sains Malaysia University, Penang, Malaysia
Andee Dzulkarnaen Zakaria
Department of General Surgery, Perm State Medical University N.a. Academician E.A. Wagner, Perm, Russia
Nadezhda Zubareva
Department of Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Wietse P. Zuidema
Emergency Surgery Department, San Filippo Neri Hospital, ASL Roma 1, Rome, Italy
Francesco Cortese
Department of Surgery, AAST Cremona, Cremona, Italy
Gian Luca Baiocchi
Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
Gian Luca Baiocchi
Harborview Medical Center, Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Ronald V. Maier
Department of Surgery, Bufalini” Hospital, Cesena, Italy
Fausto Catena
MS designed the study and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. FML performed the statistical analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.